Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have investigated several phenotypic features of the catecholamine-positive (CA+) cell population that develops in quail neural crest cultures. The number, spatial distribution, and morphology of CA+ and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) cells are similar at all ages examined, suggesting that these 2 cell classes are identical. Neither CA+ nor TH+ cell bodies or processes were stained using antisera that recognize the 70 or 160 kDa subunits of chicken neurofilament protein. Other cell bodies and fibers in the cultures (which were CA- and TH-) were stained with these neurofilament antisera. The uptake and storage of 3H-norepinephrine by neural crest cultures containing CA+ cells were inhibited in the presence of desmethylimipramine and by incubation at 0 degrees C, but were unaffected by normetanephrine. Overnight treatment with reserpine eliminated histochemically detectable CA fluorescence from the cultures. Chronic reserpine treatment from day 2 to 7 in vitro prevented the appearance of CA+ cells, while normal numbers of TH+ and somatostatin-like immunoreactive (SLI) cells developed. The number and light-microscopic morphology of the CA+ cells that developed in these cultures were not dramatically altered by either exogenous NGF or 6-hydroxydopamine. Using the method of Grillo et al. (1974), we have demonstrated that the CA+ cells observed in the light microscope corresponded to cells containing abundant cytoplasmic granular vesicles (GV) characteristic of catecholamine storage granules observed in other systems. The GV diameters were quite similar in cells examined after 5, 7, 14, and 21 d in vitro. Most GV were 50-200 nm in diameter and were distributed in a unimodal manner, with the observed modal values in the range of 85-115 nm at the ages examined. The number of GV/micron2 of cytoplasmic area remained quite constant at all ages examined. These data, taken together with other available information, suggest that the CA+ cells that differentiate in our neural crest cultures resemble, in many respects, the small, intensely fluorescent cells found in autonomic ganglia and extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue of many species. At present, we do not know if the CA+ cells that differentiate in our neural crest cultures are a stable endpoint of development or whether they are a developmental intermediate in adrenergic differentiation that is normally observed only transiently during the development of avian sympathetic ganglia in vivo, but that can persist under our tissue culture conditions.
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PMID:Phenotypic properties of catecholamine-positive cells that differentiate in avian neural crest cultures. 289 Jul 25

Neuroendocrine (NE) neoplasms of the human bronchopulmonary tract were examined by electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and gel electrophoresis of cytoskeletal proteins from microdissected tissue samples. All samples (carcinoids, well-differentiated NE carcinoma, NE carcinomas of intermediate type, NE carcinomas of the small cell type) contained significant numbers of cells that immunostained for one or more of the following neuroendocrine markers tested: bombesin, calcitonin, ACTH, leu-enkephalin, gastrin, serotonin, somatostatin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, vasoactive intestinal peptide, glucagon, insulin, substance P, and neuron-specific enolase. Electron microscopy revealed typical NE cell features, including variable abundant and frequently heterogeneous neurosecretory granules. Tumor cells contained filaments specifically stained with different conventional and monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratins and displayed punctate plasma membrane staining with antibodies to desmoplakins, in agreement with the electron microscopic demonstration of tonofilament bundles and desmosomes. Immunocytochemistry for NE markers and cytoskeletal proteins on consecutive sections revealed both cytokeratins and neuroendocrine substances in single cells. Using gel electrophoresis of cytoskeletal proteins of tissue regions extracted with high salt buffer and detergent, we could detect, in the tumors tested, appreciable amounts of cytokeratin polypeptides 8, 18, and 19, i.e., major cytokeratins also found in certain other lung carcinomas such as adenocarcinomas. Tumor cells were not significantly stained with antibodies to other intermediate filament proteins such as vimentin, desmin, glial filament protein, and neurofilament protein. The results show that NE substances can be synthesized in cells containing a typical epithelial cytoskeleton, i.e., cytokeratin filaments and desmosomes. These findings support the notion of an epithelial character of these tumors and appear in contrast with recent reports that neurofilaments are the only type of intermediate filaments present in carcinoids and other pulmonary NE tumors. These observations may have important implications for the histogenesis of NE carcinomas and for diagnostic pathology.
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PMID:Coexpression of neuroendocrine markers and epithelial cytoskeletal proteins in bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. 298 72

Histologically normal liver biopsy specimens from patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma were investigated with three immunohistochemical methods for the occurrence of peptidergic nerve fibers and endocrine cells. Numerous immunoreactive nerve fibers were seen with antisera against peripheral nerves markers (neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament protein, and S-100). These nerve fibers were localized in the tunica media of branches of both the hepatic artery and portal vein, around the bile ducts, and in the connective tissue of the interlobular septa. In the liver, 10 types of peptidergic nerve fibers were detected: glucagon-, glucagon-like peptide- (GLP), somatostatin-, neuropeptide Y- (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, neurotensin-, gastrin/cholecystokinin C-terminus-, substance P-, serotonin-, and galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibers. GLP-, somatostatin-, NPY-, neurotensin-, substance P-, and galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibers were abundant; the other nerve fibers were scarce. The nerve fibers showed two distinct patterns of distribution: they occurred in the blood vessel wall and in connective tissue of the interlobular septum. Pancreatic polypeptide- and NPY-immunoreactive cells were found among the lining epithelial cells of the bile ducts in the interlobular septum.
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PMID:Peptidergic innervation and endocrine cells in the human liver. 769 56

We have studied the brains of 10 patients with clinically and pathologically defined Huntington's disease and graded the degree of striatal pathology according to the Vonsattel grading system. Sections from nine cerebral cortical areas (Brodmann areas 8, 10, 24, 33, 28, 38, 7, 39, 18), the cerebellum, hypothalamus, medulla and caudate nucleus were stained with antibodies to ubiquitin and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (PGP 9.5). Dystrophic neurites, immunoreactive with ubiquitin and PGP 9.5 were detected in all cortical areas, in layers 3, 5 and 6, of all brains studied. No dystrophic neurites were found in subcortical areas or cerebellum. Sections from cortical areas 8 and 24 from the two brains with the most and least ubiquitin-immunoreactive neurites were stained with antibodies to beta-amyloid precursor protein, tau, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament protein, alpha B crystallin, GABA, cholecystokinin and somatostatin. The dystrophic neurites were found to also react with beta-amyloid precursor protein. Electron microscopy showed the abnormal neurites to contain granulofilamentous material. Granular deposits with a diameter of 40-100 nm were interspersed between randomly orientated 'fuzzy' or coated, straight or slightly curved filaments measuring 10-15 nm in diameter. These structures have not been seen in control brain and differ from age-related neuritic degeneration and neurites associated with amyloid. Immunohistochemically these structures most resemble CA 2/3 neurites seen in Lewy body disease, and, ultrastructurally, the intraneuronal filamentous inclusions in motor neuron disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The cortical neuritic pathology of Huntington's disease. 777 Jan 16

Two cases of duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma were studied by means of immunocytochemical methods using 41 kinds of antibodies. The tumors consisted of three histological types; carcinoid, ganglioneuroma and paraganglioma. Tumors of both cases exhibited immunoreactivity to at least one or as many as three of the following: calcitonin, calcitonin-gene related peptide, endocrine granule constituent, Leu7, neuropeptide Y and basic fibroblast growth factor. In addition, these tumors were also immunopositive for neuron specific enolase, S-100 protein, neurofilament protein, pancreatic polypeptide, chromogranin A, somatostatin, leuenkephalin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide, as has been described in previous reports. In one case, tumor cells were immunopositive for adrenocorticotropin, bombesin, gastrin releasing peptide, myelin basic protein, neuroendocrine marker and tyrosine hydroxylase. Moreover, paraganglioma cells of tumors showed both argyrophilia and argentaffinity. These results suggest that duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma may originate from embryonic neuroinsular complex.
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PMID:Two cases of duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma: immunocytochemical characteristics. 882 94

A strategy has been developed to identify and quantify the different neurochemical populations of myenteric neurons in the guinea-pig ileum using double-labelling fluorescence immunohistochemistry of whole-mount preparations. First, six histochemical markers were used to identify exclusive, non-overlapping populations of nerve cell bodies. They included immunoreactivity for the calcium binding proteins calbindin and calretinin, the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P and somatostatin, and the amine, 5-hydroxytryptamine. The sizes of these populations of neurons were established directly or indirectly in double-labelling experiments using a marker for all nerve cell bodies. Each of these exclusive populations was further subdivided into classes by other markers, including immunoreactivity for enkephalins and neurofilament protein triplet. The size of each class was then established directly or by calculation. These distinct, neurochemically-identified classes were related to other published work on the histochemistry, electrophysiology and retrograde labelling of enteric neurons and to the simple Dogiel morphological classification. A classification scheme, consistent with previous studies, is proposed. It includes 14 distinct classes of myenteric neurons and accounts for nearly all neurons in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum.
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PMID:Neurochemical classification of myenteric neurons in the guinea-pig ileum. 895 87

In order to study the multidifferentiation of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (MCT), 24 cases of MCT were examined for the presence of immunoreactive calcitonin (CT), thyroglobulin (Tg), chromogranin A (CgA), somatostatin (SS), serotonin (5-HT), S-100 protein (S-100), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and neurofilament protein (NF) by using immunohistochemical ABC methods. Results showed that CT-immunoreactive cells were present in all tumors. Tg was present in three tumors. 23 cases contained CgA-immunoreactive cells. 14 tumors contained 5-HT-immunoreactive cells, 10 cases were immunoreactive to NSE and SS. 4 tumors contained VIP-immunoreactive cells and only one cases was positive for S-100. The demonstration of immunoreactivity for multiple antigens in 24 cases suggests that the origin of medullary thyroid carcinoma may originate from neuroectoderm cells potentially capable of producing numerous hormone substances. In addition, as the neoplastic cells in 12% of the tumors containing hormone substances as well as thyroglobulin, it is suggested that follicular epithelial differentiation and mixed medullary thyroid carcinoma may be more common than previously suspected. Recent studies indicate that mixed carcinoma of the thyroid may be derived from common stem cells in posterior branchia capable of differentiating into both follicular and parafollicular tumor cells.
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PMID:[Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies on medullary thyroid carcinoma]. 938 57

A neuroendocrine carcinoma originating in the thymus was found in a 7-month-old, castrated male, Japanese Black calf. The neoplasm consisted largely of very primitive cells, characterized by the paucity of cytoplasmic organelles, but a few cells were immunoreactive for somatostatin or neurofilaments. The expression of both cytokeratin and neurofilament protein was a feature of neuroendocrine differentiation. This neoplasm considered to be a tumor of a thymic stem cell, with little but indubitable evidence of differentiation into somatostatin-producing cells.
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PMID:Thymic carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation in a calf. 1045 14

Attention modulates neural activities in sensory cortices. Because cortical neurons are composed of many types of neurons, the activities of these different types of cells can exhibit different modifications depending on whether an animal pays attention to a particular sensory stimulus or not. In the present study, we examined which types of cortical neurons change their activities in rats during one of two types of audio-visual discrimination (AVD) tasks by using Fos immunohistochemistry. In the tasks, both auditory and visual stimuli were simultaneously presented but only one of the two modalities was task-relevant. Once the rats had learned one of the AVD tasks, presenting only relevant sensory stimuli was sufficient for them to perform the task correctly. These results suggest that the rats indeed attended to the relevant stimuli during the performance of the tasks. We found that Fos expression in the primary auditory and visual cortices was enhanced in a task-dependent manner during the performance of the AVD tasks. The enhancement of Fos expression depended on the behavioural significance of the stimulus in the tasks. Moreover, using double immunohistochemistry of Fos and a cell type-specific marker protein (phosphate-activated glutaminase, nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein, parvalbumin, calretinin or somatostatin), the task-dependent Fos expression was observed preferentially in excitatory neurons but not in inhibitory interneurons. These results suggest that modulation in cortical excitatory neurons might have critical roles in selecting and processing behaviourally relevant sensory stimuli.
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PMID:Task-dependent and cell-type-specific Fos enhancement in rat sensory cortices during audio-visual discrimination. 1188 53

The neuropeptide galanin has not been localized previously in the primate uvea, and the neuropeptide somatostatin has not been localized in the uvea of any mammal. Here, the distribution of galanin-like and somatostatin-like immunoreactive axons in the iris, ciliary body and choroid of macaques and baboons using double and triple immunofluorescence labeling techniques and confocal microscopy was reported. In the ciliary body, galanin-like immunoreactive axons innervated blood vessels and the ciliary processes, particularly at their bases. In the iris, the majority of these axons was associated with the loose connective tissue in the stroma. Somatostatin-like immunoreactive axons were found in many of the same areas of the uvea supplied by cholinergic nerves. In the ciliary body, there were labelled axons within the ciliary processes and ciliary muscle. They were also found alongside blood vessels in the ciliary stroma. In the iris, somatostatin-like immunoreactive axons were abundant in the sphincter muscle and less so in the dilator muscle. A unilateral sympathectomy had no effect on the distribution of somatostatin-like or galanin-like immunoreactive axons, and these axons did not contain the sympathetic marker tyrosine hydroxylase. They did not contain the parasympathetic marker choline acetyltransferase, either. The galanin-like immunoreactive axons contained other neuropeptides found in sensory nerves, including calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and cholecystokinin. Somatostatin-like immunoreactive axons did not contain any of these sensory neuropeptides or galanin-like immunoreactivity, and they were neither labelled with an antibody to 200kDa neurofilament protein, nor did they bind isolectin-IB(4). Nevertheless, they are likely to be of sensory origin because somatostatin-like immunoreactive perikarya have previously been localized in the trigeminal ganglion of primates. Taken together, these findings indicate galanin and somatostatin are present in two different subsets of sensory axons in primate uvea.
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PMID:Innervation of the uvea by galanin and somatostatin immunoreactive axons in macaques and baboons. 1212 36


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