Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The HCN-1A clonal cell line, derived from the cortical tissue of a patient with unilateral megencephaly, was shown to differentiate into a mature neuronal-like state in the presence of the nerve growth factor, dibutyryl cyclic adenosine, 3',5'-monophosphate and either 1-isobutyl-3-methylxanthine or forskolin. Differentiation was assessed by measuring the percentage of cells that displayed branched, varicose processes that stained for synaptophysin. Treatment of cultures with a cocktail containing forskolin increased immunocytochemical staining for gamma aminobutyric (GABA), neurofilament protein and the nerve growth factor receptor species p75NGFR. Treatment with acetyl-L-carnitine alone had some effects on the cell morphology while acetyl-L-carnitine arginyl amide and nerve growth factor together increased the GABA content. Positive staining levels for the neurotransmitters gamma aminobutyric acid, glutamate, somatostatin, cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were measured quantitatively for HCN-1A under basal conditions.
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PMID:Effects of nerve growth factor and acetyl-L-carnitine arginyl amide on the human neuronal line HCN-1A. 128 85

A cell line has been established in continuous culture of human cerebral cortical neurons obtained from a patient with unilateral megalencephaly, a disorder associated with continued proliferation of immature neuronal cells. When differentiated in the presence of nerve growth factor, 1-isobutyl-3-methylxanthine, and dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), the cells display mature neuronal morphology with numerous long, extensively branched processes with spines and varicosities. The cells stain positively for neurofilament protein and neuron-specific enolase (selective neuronal markers) but are negative for glial markers, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100, and myelin basic protein. The cells also stain positively for the neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, somatostatin, cholecystokinin-8, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. These cells may facilitate characterization of neurons in the human central nervous system.
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PMID:Human cortical neuronal cell line: establishment from a patient with unilateral megalencephaly. 169 58

It is well established that acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter at several distinct sites in the mammalian enteric nervous system. However, identification of the cholinergic neurons has not been possible due to an inability to selectively label enteric cholinergic neurons. In the present study an immunohistochemical method has been developed to localize choline acetyltransferase, the synthetic enzyme for acetylcholine, in order that cholinergic neurons can be visualized. The morphology, neurochemical coding and projections of cholinergic neurons in the guinea-pig small intestine were determined using double-labelling immunohistochemistry. These experiments have revealed that many myenteric neurons are cholinergic and that they can be distinguished by their specific combinations of immunoreactivity for neurochemicals such as calretinin, neurofilament protein triplet, substance P, enkephalin, somatostatin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, vasoactive intestinal peptide and calbindin. On the basis of their previously described projections, functional roles could be attributed to each of these populations. The identified cholinergic neurons are: motorneurons to the longitudinal muscle (choline acetyltransferase/calretinin); motorneurons to the circular muscle (choline acetyltransferase/neurofilament triplet protein/substance P, choline acetyltransferase/substance P and choline acetyltransferase alone); orally directed interneurons in the myenteric plexus (choline acetyltransferase/calretinin/enkephalin); anally directed interneurons in the myenteric plexus (choline acetyltransferase/somatostatin, choline acetyltransferase/5-hydroxytryptamine, choline acetyltransferase/vasoactive intestinal peptide); secretomotor neurons to the mucosa (choline acetyltransferase/somatostatin); and sensory neurons mediating myenteric reflexes (choline acetyltransferase/calbindin). This information provides a unique opportunity to identify functionally distinct populations of cholinergic neurons and will be of value in the interpretation of physiological and pharmacological studies of enteric neuronal circuitry.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical identification of cholinergic neurons in the myenteric plexus of guinea-pig small intestine. 172 93

A battery of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against the triplet of identified neurofilament protein subunits was used to investigate neurofilament protein immunoreactivity in neurons of the guinea-pig coeliac ganglion. Using optimal conditions of fixation and tissue processing for each antibody we found that only 20% of the postganglionic sympathetic neurons in the guinea-pig coeliac ganglion contain neurofilament protein-triplet immunoreactivity. Double labelling with neurofilament protein-triplet antibodies raised in different species demonstrated that all of these antibodies labelled the same population of neurons. Double labelling using mouse monoclonal antibodies against neurofilament proteins in combination with rabbit polyclonals to neuronal markers showed that neurofilament protein-triplet immunoreactivity is restricted to specific chemically coded subpopulations of noradrenergic neurons. Approximately 52% of neurons in the ganglion contain neuropeptide Y and are presumed vasomotor neurons projecting to blood vessels in the submucosa of the small intestine. Virtually none of the neuropeptide Y-containing neurons were labelled with neurofilament protein-triplet antibodies. Neurons that contain somatostatin (21%) project to the submucous ganglia of the small intestine. Approximately two-thirds of neurons containing somatostatin are immunoreactive for the neurofilament protein-triplet. The other postganglionic neurons in the ganglion (27%) project to the myenteric plexus of the small intestine and do not contain either neuropeptide Y or somatostatin. Approximately a quarter of these neurons were labelled with neurofilament protein-triplet antibodies. These results suggest that the neurofilament protein-triplet may not be an intrinsic component of the cytoskeleton of all neurons. Furthermore the idea of a chemical coding of neurons should be extended to cytoskeletal proteins. The finding that these neurofilament proteins are confined to specific neuronal subpopulations has important implications for the search for a role of the neurofilament protein-triplet in neurons, for the interpretation of classical neurohistological silver impregnation techniques which appear to stain only neurofilament protein-triplet-containing neurons, as well as for neuropathological conditions that may involve these proteins in disease processes.
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PMID:Neurofilament protein-triplet immunoreactivity in distinct subpopulations of peptide-containing neurons in the guinea-pig coeliac ganglion. 198 56

Paragangliomas of the cauda equina are not so rare as said in the literature. Two additional cases are presented with a global analysis of the 59 cases from the literature. The diagnosis of this pathology greatly benefit of the use of immunostainings as the cells are often neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament protein and somatostatin positive so that electron microscopy is thus no longer mandatory for establishing the diagnosis. In addition, we report the first magnetic resonance images of this tumor at this location.
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PMID:Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Report of 2 cases and review of 59 cases from the literature. 217 37

The rostral parts of the cephalic neural plate and neural crest of mice, stage Theiler 12, were prepared and cultured. At that stage of development they exclusively consist of proliferative ventricular cells, which do not yet display vimentin and neurofilament immunoreactivity. 3H-thymidine autoradiography showed that the progenitor cells of neurons became postmitotic as soon as they were taken into culture. The neurofilament protein (kD 68) was immunocytochemically demonstrable from day 2 in culture, while immunoreactivity to vimentin was never observed. The neurons, prematurely developed from the neuroepithelium of stage Theiler 12-embryos, were identified by their histological and immunocytochemical properties. They gave distinct patterns of immunoreactivity to neuropeptides and anti-serotonin antibodies. Anti-serotonin and anti-somatostatin antibodies reacted from the 3rd day of culture. Antibodies against ACTH, luliberin, substance P and vasopressin gave positive reactions at day 7. Two classes of neurons, the serotonin and the large substance P-immunoreactive ones, were recognized by both immunoreactivity and morphology. The serotonin immunoreactive neurons usually were of a multipolar shape and had a long, varicose axon that was heavily stained, particularly at its distal third. The perikarya appeared in limited areas of the cultured tissue. They grew in the vicinity of each other, but never in densely packed aggregates. The large neurons, reacting heavily with antibodies against substance P and faintly with all the other neuropeptide antibodies applied, were up to 50 micron in diameter and usually occurred in 20-40 cells per preparation of half a neural plate. The results suggest that at least some classes of neurons can develop from the cultured neural plates of stage Th12.
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PMID:Ventricular cells from the mouse neural plate, stage Theiler 12, transform into different neuronal cell classes in vitro. 244 39

1. The primary sensory neurones have been classified into large light (LLC), type A, small dark (SDC), type B and type C cells on the basis of size, ultrastuctural and immunocytochemical characteristics. 2. Subclassifications have been described according to the configuration and spatial organization of cytoplasmic organelles. 3. Furthermore, the LLC are immunoreactive with a monoclonal antibody, RT97, directed against a neurofilament protein and the SDC are positive with anti-arginine vasopressin (AVP). 4. The majority of the neurochemical substances including substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), fluoride resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and glutamate were localized to the small and intermediate diameter neurones measuring 9-40 microns. 5. The cytochemistry of the dorsal horn was similar to the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). 6. There is good evidence that substance P (SP) and somatostatin (SOM) are transmitters for a proportion of nociceptive neurones but the neurotransmitters utilized by the rest of the subtypes are unknown. 7. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and glutamate may be putative transmitters of the primary sensory neurones as they are localized in 28-30% of the SDC. 8. The wider distribution and extensive coexistence of the neuropeptides is incompatible with neurotransmitter function, but some may be neuromodulators whereas others such as arginine vasopressin (AVP) are useful markers for identifying type B neurones.
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PMID:Cytochemistry of the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of the rat. 256 21

A study of gangliocytic paragangliomas (GPs) of the gastrointestinal tract from 51 patients showed characteristic microscopic features: epithelioid cells with an endocrine growth pattern, spindle cells, and ganglion cells. Forty-nine tumors were located in the duodenum, 1 in the jejunum, and 1 in the pylorus. Twenty-one patients were female, 28 male, and for two the sex was unknown. The average age at presentation was 54 years (range, 23-83). No patient had a recurrence. No neuroendocrine syndrome was found in any patient or patient's family. Immunohistochemical stains in 33 cases yielded the following (proportion positive): S-100 protein 94%, synaptophysin 94%, neuron-specific enolase 94%, pancreatic polypeptide 88%, somatostatin 75%, chromogranin 72%, neurofilament protein 64%, keratin 52%, leu-enkephalin 48%, serotonin (one case), and gastrin (one case). Antisera usually stained one or two of the three major cell types. Pancreatic-type tissue was identified in or near 28 tumors, including the pyloric and jejunal lesions and two in the distal duodenum. The authors conclude that GP is benign; is not associated with endocrine syndromes; contains autonomic, neural, and endocrine cell types; and is related to pancreatic development.
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PMID:Gangliocytic paraganglioma. 275 Jul 1

Thirty-one paragangliomas of the cauda equina region were studied (18 men and 13 women, ages 30-71 years [mean, 51 years]). Symptoms (1 day to 15 years in duration; mean, 48 months) included low back pain (87%), sensory/motor deficits (35%), urinary/fecal incontinence (13%), and paraplegia (6%). All patients studied had some myelographic block. Cerebrospinal fluid protein level ranged from 56 to 7000 mg/dl (mean, 1109 mg/dl). Most tumors were limited to the filum terminale, although one also involved the conus medullaris and two clearly arose from a caudal nerve root. All but one were entirely intradural. The tumor was totally excised in 26 cases; these patients remain disease-free. Of three patients whose tumors were excised subtotally, two received radiotherapy; the one non-radiated patient died of tumor-related complications. No autopsy was performed. One partially encapsulated tumor that had been subjected to biopsy and irradiation presented 1 year later with osseous invasion and retroperitoneal extension; 20 years after subtotal excision, this patient is alive but paraplegic. Morphologically, all tumors resembled paraganglioma at other sites. Cytologic atypia and mitotic activity generally were absent to mild. Fourteen (45%) cases showed ganglionic differentiation. All tumors tested were immunoreactive for neuron-specific enolase and neurofilament protein, and most showed somatostatin or serotonin reactivity. S-100 protein immunoreactivity was noted in sustentacular cells and, to a lesser extent, within chief cells and neurons. The authors conclude that paragangliomas are largely benign and encapsulated and respond to simple resection. When surgically feasible, gross total removal should be the goal of surgery. When subtotal resection is necessary or when local invasion leaves a question as to completeness of tumor removal, irradiation seems mandatory although far from guaranteeing prevention of recurrence. Biopsy alone is undesirable.
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PMID:Paraganglioma of the cauda equina region. Clinicopathologic study of 31 cases with special reference to immunocytology and ultrastructure. 287 84

Adrenal glands from embryonic day 11 (E-11) chicks were cryostat-sectioned, and it was determined that tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive (TLI) cells, somatostatin-like immunoreactive (SLI) cells, and methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactive (ELI) cells occupied chromaffin regions of the gland. Similar age adrenals were dissociated, and the cells were cultured under serum-free conditions. Cultured TLI cells, ELI cells, and SLI cells were characterized according to cell size, cell number, and neurite formation. ELI and SLI cells composed two largely separate populations, with SLI cells tending to have larger cell areas, to be more numerous, and to be less likely to form neurites than ELI cells. The population of TLI cells, although unique in itself, was diverse and numerous enough to include all or portions of the neuropeptide-immunoreactive populations. Neurites of some cells from each of the above populations were strongly immunoreactive for alpha neurofilament protein, and for NAPA73 neurofilament-associated protein. However, neurites could also be observed in all populations that showed poor immunoreactivity for these cytoskeletal proteins. Exogenously added NGF significantly increased neurite-like process formation among TLI and ELI cells, but not among SLI cells. Reductions in the number of neurite-like processes following treatment with anti-nerve growth factor (NGF) were not significant for any of the populations. However, if shorter and broader process were included, anti-NGF caused a significant reduction in total cell processes among TLI and ELI cells. Anti-NGF inhibition of process formation among ELI cells could be reversed with exogenous NGF. Neither NGF or anti-NGF treatments showed a significant effect on cell numbers among TLI and ELI populations. The implications are that a compound of antigenic and physiological similarity to mouse salivary NGF is made by embryonic chick adrenal cells in culture, but the effects of NGF do not appear to be the same for all neural-crest-derived cells from the adrenal, and greater heterogeneity of phenotypes may exist among chromaffin cells than has previously been accepted. Some questions are also raised concerning the neurite-like nature of processes formed by some chromaffin cells in vitro.
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PMID:Chromaffin cell heterogeneity of process formation and neuropeptide content under control and nerve growth factor-altered conditions in cultures of chick embryonic adrenal gland. 287 7


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