Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hepatoblastoma exhibits a wide range of epithelial and mesenchymal lines of differentiation. Neuroendocrine differentiation in this tumor has not previously been reported. We investigated seven hepatoblastomas of different subtypes (five pure epithelial hepatoblastomas, including one small-cell hepatoblastoma, and two mixed hepatoblastomas) using a broad panel of antibodies against epithelial, mesenchymal, neural, and neuroendocrine markers, alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT), alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (alpha 1-ACT), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), serotonin, and 14 regulatory peptides. Chromogranin A-immunoreactive neuroendocrine tumor cells, some of which also exhibited immunoreactivity for serotonin and somatostatin, were found in the fetal and embryonal parts of the mixed hepatoblastomas. The osteoid-like material in the mixed hepatoblastomas contained cells with immunoreactivity for chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, keratin, and alpha 1-AT, alpha 1-ACT, AFP, and CEA, in addition to S-100 protein and vimentin. Parallels to the neuroendocrine differentiation in hepatoblastomas are found in tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and bronchopulmonary tree. These tumors may also exhibit a neuroendocrine component; that is, multidirectional differentiation may occur, as in hepatoblastoma. The immunoreactivity of some of the cells of the osteoid-like material for keratin, alpha 1-AT, alpha 1-ACT, AFP, CEA, and chromogranin A suggests that these cells--and probably the surrounding material--are of epithelial origin.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine differentiation in hepatoblastoma. An immunohistochemical investigation. 216 15

Biopsy specimens obtained from eight patients with lung cancer were tested for content of somatostatin receptors by autoradiography. Somatostatin receptors were detected in two of three patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) but in none of five patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) including adenocarcinoma (two), squamous cell carcinoma (two), and bronchoalveolar carcinoma (one). In those with SCLC, specific somatostatin receptor binding was evidenced only in tumor foci and not in surrounding stroma or normal lung parenchyma. Further tissue characterization by immunoperoxidase staining with the pancytokeratin monoclonal antibody, mAB-lu-5, revealed labeling to all of the NSCLC but to none of the SCLC specimen. Selective immunoreactivity was detected in both the SCLC and the NSCLC specimen to chromogranin and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) whereas none of the specimen had detectable immunostaining to somatostatin, bombesin, serotonin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, neurofilament, calcitonin, and synaptophysin. The identification of somatostatin receptors in primary human lung cancer may have a bearing on the biology of this disease and perhaps on the clinical application of somatostatin analogues in patients with SCLC.
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PMID:Identification of somatostatin receptors in human small cell lung carcinoma. 217 45

Paragangliomas of the cauda equina are not so rare as said in the literature. Two additional cases are presented with a global analysis of the 59 cases from the literature. The diagnosis of this pathology greatly benefit of the use of immunostainings as the cells are often neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament protein and somatostatin positive so that electron microscopy is thus no longer mandatory for establishing the diagnosis. In addition, we report the first magnetic resonance images of this tumor at this location.
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PMID:Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Report of 2 cases and review of 59 cases from the literature. 217 37

Eighty-four carcinoids of the colon and rectum were studied with emphasis on prognostic features, immunohistochemical characteristics, and pitfalls in diagnosis. Follow-up data were available on 35 patients. Tumors with adenocarcinomatous components, or those resembling small cell carcinomas of the lung, were excluded. Eighty-one tumors were in the rectum and three tumors were in the distal sigmoid colon. Neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, and Leu-7 were positive in 87%, 58%, and 53% of the tumors, respectively. Hormones were positive in the following percentages: serotonin, 45%; pancreatic polypeptide, 46%; glucagon, 10%; gastrin, 3%; somatostatin, 3%; adrenocorticotrophic hormone, 1%; cholecystokinin, 0%; calcitonin, 0%; and insulin, 0%. Many tumors elaborated more than one hormone. Fifty-five percent of the tumors were argyrophil and 28% were argentaffin. Carcinoembryonic antigen was present in 24% of the tumors; 82% of the tumors contained prostatic acid phosphatase. Three patients had liver metastases; their tumors ulcerated, invaded muscularis propria, and had more than 2 mitoses per 10 high-power fields (HPF). One patient with a 2.5-cm tumor without mitoses had regional lymph node metastases. All non-metastasizing tumors had less than one mitosis in 10 HPF. We conclude that large bowel carcinoid tumors are essentially limited to the rectum and sigmoid, that they are indolent if mitotically inactive and smaller than 2 cm, and that most show production of a selected group of endocrine markers.
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PMID:Rectal and colonic carcinoids. A clinicopathologic study of 84 cases. 229 59

Six pulmonary spindle cell carcinoids were reviewed. The patients were asymptomatic women ranging from 56 to 76 years of age. Four cases were diagnosed or suspected by percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy. The four patients treated by wedge resection or lobectomy showed no recurrence during the followup period; one patient was followed radiologically without resection for over five years, during which time the lesion remained stable. The cytologic preparations showed groups and single oval or elongated cells that had nuclei with finely granular, evenly dispersed chromatin, usually one small nucleolus and easily disrupted, finely granular cytoplasm. The histologic sections showed circumscribed or infiltrative neoplasms growing as sheets or vaguely organoid cell masses with vascular, focally hyalinized stroma. Immunoreactivity for chromogranin, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, S-100 protein and Leu-7 was typically present; bombesin, serotonin, insulin and calcitonin were focally present in some cases. No reactivity for adrenocorticotropic hormone, somatostatin, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pancreatic polypeptide, low-molecular-weight cytokeratin (MAK-6) or carcinoembryonic antigen was observed.
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PMID:Pulmonary spindle cell carcinoid. Needle aspiration biopsy, histologic and immunohistochemical findings. 240 75

Cytologic criteria for distinguishing endocrine from exocrine carcinomas of the pancreas have not been previously elucidated. A case is presented in which the diagnosis of neuroendocrine carcinoma was made on fine needle aspirates of a pancreatic mass and hepatic metastases in a 33-year-old female. Cytologically, the aspirated tumor resembled an intermediate-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung rather than the usual duct-cell adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Histologic sections of the subsequently resected primary pancreatic mass revealed a neuroendocrine carcinoma of an intermediate-cell type. Ultrastructurally, the characteristic interlacing cytoplasmic processes with scanty granules were seen. Immunoreactive neuron-specific enolase (NSE), leuenkephalin, substance P and somatostatin were present in the tumor cells in Bouin's-fixed cell blocks of the aspirate; neuron-specific enolase, somatostatin and gastrin were detected in the paraffin-embedded sections of the resected tumor. This variant of pancreatic carcinoma merits recognition as a cytologically distinct group, which shares many of the features described in its bronchopulmonary and gastrointestinal counterparts.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the pancreas diagnosed by aspiration cytology. A case report. 240 7

It is well known that carcinoid tumors and some small-cell carcinomas of the lung contain dense-core granules (DCGs). Moreover, a small number of tumors presenting with epidermoid, large-cell, or adenocarcinoma histologic characteristics (so-called atypical endocrine tumors), also contain DCGs. Herein, we describe certain histochemical features of DCG tumors and compare them with other major lung tumor types that lack DCGs (non-DCG tumors). All DCG tumors contained neuron-specific enolase and many contained serotonin. These markers were not present in any non-DCG tumor. Other histochemical markers (glycogen, mucosubstances, corticotropin, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, keratin, somatostatin, and calcitonin) were found in a proportion of DCG and non-DCG tumors, but were, in general, more common in non-DCG tumors and atypical endocrine tumors than in carcinoids and small-cell carcinomas. alpha-Fetoprotein was rarely found in non-DCG tumors, and was never observed in DCG tumors. The atypical endocrine group represents a class of tumors with a remarkably mixed and varied phenotype. Their potential significance is discussed and methods to facilitate their diagnosis are suggested.
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PMID:Histochemical studies of dense-core granulated tumors of the lung. Neuron-specific enolase as a marker for granulated cells. 240 47

The current study was undertaken on 25 cases of thyroid medullary carcinoma to compare the diagnostic value of calcitonin with other peptides including PDN-21, the C-terminal flanking peptide of human calcitonin within the calcitonin precursor, and calcitonin gene-related peptide, CGRP. Antiserum raised to chromogranin, an acidic protein of 68,000 daltons, was also used to compare its diagnostic value as a general marker for neuroendocrine neoplasia with neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and Grimelius' argyrophil silver staining. Immunocytochemistry was performed using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method at the light microscopic level and the immunogold staining procedure at the ultrastructural level. All tumors were reactive to calcitonin and CGRP antisera, whereas PDN-21 was present in 23 cases. It was also found that these peptides were colocalized in the majority of C-cells. The intensity and specificity of CGRP and PDN-21 immunoreaction was comparable to and in some cases even better than that obtained with calcitonin antiserum. In the majority of tumors, somatostatin and bombesin immunoreactivity was either absent, weak, or variable in intensity and distribution. The current study thus demonstrates that together with calcitonin, PDN and, in particular, CGRP antisera may be applied to corroborate immunocytochemical diagnosis in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. With regard to general neuroendocrine markers, Grimelius' and chromogranin provided the most consistent results. NSE isoenzyme immunoreactivity, on the other hand, was more variable, probably reflecting the metabolic state of the tumor cells.
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PMID:Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. An immunocytochemical and histochemical study of 25 cases using eight separate markers. 241 87

Thirty cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma were investigated by immunoperoxidase staining techniques to evaluate the diagnostic significance of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), somatostatin (SOM), a-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (a-hCG), serotonin (5-HT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) immunoreactivity as diagnostic markers in comparison to different calcitonin (CT) staining patterns. Twenty three cases exhibited a strong (group I) or moderate (group II) staining intensity for CT and did not need further immunocytochemical proof for classifying them as medullary carcinoma. From seven cases which showed only a weak or borderline CT-immunoreactivity (group III), six stained positively for NSE and four positively for CEA. SOM-positive cells were identified in six cases and a-hCG or 5-HT-positive cells respectively in three cases of group III. Twenty follicular and 20 papillary carcinomas also included in this study did not react with any of the above mentioned antibodies. Therefore, NSE and CEA represent useful additional diagnostic markers particularly for the identification of medullary carcinoma with weak or borderline CT-immunoreactivity. The identification of other peptides may also be helpful in demarcating it from thyroid tumours of follicular cell origin.
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PMID:The value of immunohistochemistry in medullary thyroid carcinoma: a systematic study of 30 cases. 241 31

The gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts contain numerous regulatory peptides produced by and released from specialised epithelial cells and the organ innervation. This complex system of endocrine cells and nerves is generally called "the diffuse neuroendocrine system". Markers are now available which permit the visualisation of the diffuse neuroendocrine system or its individual components. These include antibodies to neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, neurofilament triplet proteins, the brain protein S100 and antibodies to a variety of regulatory peptides. Peptides present in the gut and lung innervation include: vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), galanin, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), somatostatin and cholecystokinin (the latter two are also localised to endocrine cells of the gut). Bombesin-immunoreactivity is found in nerves in the gut and in endocrine cells of the foetal/neonatal lung. Neuropeptides of the gut and lung originate either from local neurons (e.g. VIP, PHI, galanin) or extrinsic neurons localised in sensory ganglia (e.g. substance P and CGRP) or the sympathetic chain (e.g. NPY). Recent studies point to the involvement of regulatory peptides in diseases of the gut and lung. These, together with detailed distribution studies, provide supportive data on the putative role of the peptides in the control of normal bowel and respiratory functions. The gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts were within the systems investigated by Feyrter during his original observations on the existence of specialised epithelial cells with a putative regulatory function (Feyrter, 1938). These "endocrine/paracrine" cells were found to be scattered in epithelial organs throughout the body. In fact, endocrine cells of the respiratory tract are frequently referred to as "Feyrter's cells". The term "regulatory peptides" was introduced as a generic term (Polak and Bloom, 1983) after the finding that active peptides are produced both by cells of the diffuse endocrine or APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) system (Pearse, 1983) and autonomic/sensory nerves. These peptides are released into the circulation from endocrine cells or locally from nerve terminals or paracrine cells. The concept of "gut/brain" peptides was dispelled after the findings that the respiratory tract was provided abundantly with numerous active peptides produced by and released from mucosal endocrine cells and/or the innervation.
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PMID:Regulatory peptides of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. 242 59


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