Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This report describes the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of a case of adenocarcinoma resembling fetal lung in a 53-yr-old male, a very uncommon malignant tumor of the lung that is similar to an early stage of lung differentiation. FNA smears revealed relatively small, fairly uniform tumor cells appearing as cohesive cell groups and scattered, isolated cells, some of them showing a rosette or acinus pattern. In addition, clusters of larger cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and prominent nucleoli existed contiguously with the small cells or separately. The possibilities of an unusual type of adenocarcinoma, carcinoid tumor, and pulmonary blastoma were suggested by the cytologic findings. Immunohistochemical studies performed on a resected tumor tissue showed immunoreactivity for alpha-fetoprotein, neuron-specific enolase, and somatostatin, and endocrine-type granules were found ultrastructurally. This type of adenocarcinoma is considered to have a histogenesis similar to that of pulmonary blastoma. To our knowledge this is the first reported case in the cytologic literature.
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PMID:Fine-needle aspiration cytology of pulmonary adenocarcinoma of fetal type: report of a case with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. 165 59

A rare case of small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the gallbladder combined with adenocarcinoma is reported. The patient was a 70-year-old Japanese man, who died of the disease shortly after the onset of symptoms. Autopsy disclosed a small tumor (1.0 cm in longest diameter) in the fundus of the gallbladder, with widespread metastasis. Histochemically, the tumor cells showed negative reactions for argyrophilic and argentaffin stainings, a weak immunohistochemical reaction only for neuron-specific enolase, and negative reactions for all of the other neurosecretory markers used, including neurofilament, chromogranin, somatostatin, gastrin and leu-7. However, electron microscopic examination revealed a few typical neurosecretory granules (NSG) in the cytoplasm of some tumor cells. We suggest that: 1. The presence of NSG in the cytoplasm of tumor cells is the most reliable diagnostic criterion for SCC. 2. SCC, at least the combined type, arises from a multipotential stem cell.
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PMID:Small cell carcinoma of the gallbladder combined with adenocarcinoma. 166 37

A minute carcinoid tumor of the gallbladder is reported. The tumor was incidentally identified in a 77-year-old Japanese man with cholecystolithiasis, hepatocellular carcinoma and sigmoid colon carcinoma. The tumor formed a 5-mm-sized sessile polyp at the neck of the gallbladder. The tumor cells, which were argyrophilic and non-argentaffinic, belonged to the foregut-type. Immunohistochemically, they were positive for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and somatostatin.
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PMID:Minute carcinoid tumor of the gallbladder. 167 42

Pancreatic tumours of transgenic mice carrying a glucagon-promoted simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen oncogene have been analysed by histological, histochemical, ultrastructural and radioimmunological means. Seven transgenic mice were examined revealing dysplastic and neoplastic lesions in the endocrine pancreas. Four tumours were identified, one of which metastasized to periadrenal spaces and paravertebral lymph nodes. Benign tumours were composed of argyrophilic, endocrine cells reactive to a range of antibodies against neuroendocrine markers (neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, chromogranin A, synaptophysin and protein 7B2) and different fragments of the proglucagon molecule (glucagon, glicentin, glucagon-like polypeptides 1 and 2). A few tumour cells expressed pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin or insulin. Conventional ultrastructural analysis and immunogold labelling revealed typical glucagon-immunoreactive alpha granules which co-stored glicentin and glucagon-like polypeptides 1 and 2. The malignant primary tumour and its metastases were composed mainly of cells which did not show immunoreactivity for neuroendocrine markers or peptides. Atypical, glucagon-immunogold labelled granules were detected at electron microscopy in differentiated tumour cells and C-type retroviral particles in the largest tumour population of degranulated cells. The transgene-encoded oncoprotein SV40 large T-antigen was detected in the nuclei of well-differentiated tumour cells and in alpha cells of some dysplastic islets. All tumour-bearing mice showed high levels of circulating glucagon-like immunoreactivity. Transgenic mice harbouring the glucagon-promoted SV40 T antigen oncogene may provide a model for human glucagonoma.
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PMID:Glucagonomas of transgenic mice express a wide range of general neuroendocrine markers and bioactive peptides. 167 63

A correlative immunohistochemical and stereological study of neuroendocrine cells (NEC) was carried out in the antrum of twenty human fetuses with gestational ages from 18 to 42 weeks and of two specimens postnatally. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) as a common marker of neurons and NEC, as well as gastrin (G-) and somatostatin (D-) immunoreactive cells served for evaluation of volume density, which proved to be the most convenient method for quantitative analysis of NEC. It was observed that a considerable frequency of NEC appeared at 23-24 weeks of gestation (8% of NSE- and 6% of G- cells) and coincided with the adult pattern of intramural innervation. After a repeated increase of NEC in the 26-week-old fetus, the frequency of NEC remained persistant during the perinatal period (10-12% of NSE- and 7-8% of G- cells). An exception was a specimen with a prolonged pregnancy (42 weeks) in which the percentage of NSE- (17%) and G- (10%) cells was almost the same as at 6 weeks postnatally. The maximal quantitative difference of NEC was noted between 6- and 8-week specimens postnatally, e.g. 9% to 22% of G- cells, respectively. Observations obtained by NSE and S-100 protein were also demonstrated in lymphoid cells of gut associated and mesenteric lymphoid tissue.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical and stereological study of neuroendocrine cells in human antrum during the perinatal period. 168 59

A cell line has been established in continuous culture of human cerebral cortical neurons obtained from a patient with unilateral megalencephaly, a disorder associated with continued proliferation of immature neuronal cells. When differentiated in the presence of nerve growth factor, 1-isobutyl-3-methylxanthine, and dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), the cells display mature neuronal morphology with numerous long, extensively branched processes with spines and varicosities. The cells stain positively for neurofilament protein and neuron-specific enolase (selective neuronal markers) but are negative for glial markers, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100, and myelin basic protein. The cells also stain positively for the neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, somatostatin, cholecystokinin-8, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. These cells may facilitate characterization of neurons in the human central nervous system.
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PMID:Human cortical neuronal cell line: establishment from a patient with unilateral megalencephaly. 169 58

An example of the rare papillary cystic tumor of the pancreas was diagnosed cytologically by aspiration of the primary neoplasm. Subsequently, it metastasized, proving its low-grade malignant behavior. Diagnostic cytomorphologic features included abundant straight and branched papillary tissue fragments, and uniform, pale nuclei with folds or grooves. Although the primary tumor had a typical histologic appearance, metastases demonstrated increased nuclear pleomorphism and hyperchromasia, bizarre tumor giant cells, and an increased mitotic rate. Vimentin was diffusely positive, whereas neuron-specific enolase and somatostatin were focally and weakly reactive. Neurosecretory and zymogen granules were absent ultrastructurally. By flow cytometric study, the tumor was aneuploid (DNA Index = 1.3).
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PMID:Malignant papillary cystic tumor of the pancreas. 169 76

The immunoreactivity of anti-neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and anti-Leu-7 on formalin-fixed sections of human salivary gland neoplasms was determined by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. In addition, neuropeptides, such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, and substance P, in human salivary gland neoplasms were expressed, whereas other polypeptides, including glucagon, cholecystokinin, leu-enkephalin and calcitonin, were absent. When 182 paraffin-embedded examples of human salivary gland tumors, including 112 benign and 70 malignant neoplasms, were examined immunohistochemically, positive immunoreactivity was observed in: 51 cases with NSE (59%) and 46 cases with Leu-7 (54%) of 86 pleomorphic adenomas; 11 cases with Leu-7 (61%) of 18 Warthin's tumors; 7 cases with Leu-7 (58%) of 12 acinic cell carcinomas; 5 cases with NSE (31%) of 16 adenoid cystic carcinomas; 5 cases with NSE (42%) and 4 cases with Leu-7 (33%) of 12 adenocarcinomas; 4 cases with NSE (25%) and 6 cases with Leu-7 (38%) of 16 undifferentiated carcinomas. The other tumors, such as oxyphilic adenomas, basal cell adenomas, epidermoid carcinomas, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas, were nonreactive. Neuropeptides were observed in the neoplastic epithelial cells of certain tumors such as Warthin's tumors, acinic cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas and undifferentiated carcinomas. These findings suggest the possibility that cells of neuroendocrine origin, present in certain neoplastic salivary gland epithelia may play a significant role in the histogenesis of human salivary gland neoplasms.
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PMID:Immunopathological study of neuropeptide expression in human salivary gland neoplasms. 170 3

Various peptide immunoreactivities in the respiratory system have been reported, indicating complex physiological mechanisms. There is only little information on the upper respiratory system of man. The present study was carried out to demonstrate regulatory peptides in the nasal mucosa, larynx (vocal cords and ventricular folds) and soft palate of man using highly efficient immunocytochemical methods. In addition, some peptide immunoreactivities were measured by use of radioimmunoassay (RIA). Using indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold-silver staining (IGSS) with silver acetate autometallography, a series of peptides could be detected, including vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine methionine (PHM), galanin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P, neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), C-flanking peptide of NPY (CPON) and somatostatin. In addition, antibodies to protein gene-product (PGP) 9.5, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S-100, PHE-5 and neurofilament proteins gave positive reactions in tissue sections. Using RIA, CGRP, substance P, and neurokinin A were measured. Our results demonstrate a complex network of regulatory peptide-containing nerve fibers and the possible existence of endocrine cells regulating various functions of the upper respiratory system, which need to be further investigated.
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PMID:Regulatory peptides and general neuroendocrine markers in human nasal mucosa, soft palate and larynx. 171 32

From 1980 to 1987, 35 patients underwent exploratory surgery for carcinomas of the extrahepatic biliary tract (EBT). Samples from 28 of these tumors (15 gallbladder, 13 bile duct) were assessed by immunohistochemical analysis for exocrine and/or neuroendocrine differentiation. Seven patients were excluded from the study because of insufficient available specimen or loss to follow-up. Paraffin sections were immunostained for neuroendocrine differentiation markers: neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin-A, synaptophysin, serotonin, somatostatin, substance-P, and glucagon. Additional sections were also stained with monoclonal antibody A-80 that recognizes a glycoprotein related to exocrine differentiation. The tumors were reclassified on the basis of immunophenotyping data: (I) pure exocrine carcinoma (n = 8); (II) predominantly exocrine carcinoma with occasional neuroendocrine cells (n = 9); (III) mixed exocrine-neuroendocrine carcinoma (n = 4); (IV) pure neuroendocrine (n = 2); and (V) predominantly neuroendocrine with occasional exocrine cells (n = 5). Survival time among the two pure neuroendocrine (group IV) and five predominantly neuroendocrine carcinomas (group V) was significantly less than the survival time of patients from the other groups (2.6 +/- 2.2 months vs 13.5 +/- 12.3 months; p = 0.015). No difference was noted between groups in extent of disease, treatment rendered, or location of tumor (bile duct vs gallbladder). This study indicates that (1) the incidence of neuroendocrine differentiation in cancers of the EBT is higher than generally recognized, (2) carcinomas of the EBT may be phenotypically reclassified on the basis of immunohistochemical analysis, and (3) the presence of pure or predominant neuroendocrine differentiation in carcinomas of the EBT is associated with shorter survival time than carcinomas with pure or predominant exocrine differentiation (or mixed exocrine and neuroendocrine factors).
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PMID:Neuroendocrine differentiation and prognosis of extrahepatic biliary tract carcinomas. 171 46


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