Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors report a case of primary renal carcinoid in a 57-year-old woman in whom the diagnosis, established by histological findings, was confirmed by argyrophilia and immunohistochemical studies using anti-neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A, serotonin and somatostatin antibodies. The clinical and pathological features of this rare renal tumor are discussed.
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PMID:[Primary carcinoid tumor of the kidney. Apropos of a case with immunohistochemical study]. 130 16

This review addresses means for improving treatment results in small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. In small cell lung cancer lactate dehydrogenase and neuron-specific enolase seem to be important prognostic factors that may reflect not only tumor load but also growth rate. Chemotherapy seems to induce or select differentiated cells in small cell lung cancer, which focuses attention on other treatment modalities such as drugs, which can induce terminally differentiated nonproliferating cells. Scheduling of chemotherapy may improve survival, especially in extensive disease patients. Exciting new techniques for tumor targeting by a radiolabelled somatostatin-analogue and radiolabelled murine anti-epidermal growth factor are reported. The possible adverse effect of heterologous blood transfusions on survival after surgery of stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer remains a very important subject for investigation to solve the essential question whether the need for transfusion or the transfusion itself is the adverse prognostic factor. A possible improvement of survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients by chemotherapy should be investigated in patients with an excellent performance score and a small tumor load, eg, stage IIIa and IIIb patients. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in such patients may improve survival but a better and especially more uniform design of the trials is urgently needed. Finally, the development of techniques to palliate terminally ill patients quickly and easily by reopening a closed bronchial lumen should be encouraged.
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PMID:Therapy for small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. 131 20

Tumor tissue located in the occipital lobe with hemorrhage was obtained from a 19-year-old patient. Histological examination indicated it to consist of undifferentiated small, round cells without neuronal or glial differentiation, and possibly to be a type of primitive neuroectodermal tumor. The tumor cells were cultured for 3 years and a continuous cell line (KK-2) was established. KK-2 was transplantable to nude mice. With immunocytochemistry, neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, vimentin, TUJ1 (a monoclonal antibody specific for neuron-associated class III beta-tubulin isotype) and 6H7 (a monoclonal antibody to NCAM produced by us) were detected. None of the following could be found: glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein, neurofilament and synaptophysin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, gastrin releasing peptide corticotropin-releasing factor, substance P, somatostatin, chromogranin, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase. The original tumor and KK-2 cells obtained after 3 years of culture and transplants in nude mice displayed essentially the same ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics. KK-2 cells showed no differentiation to mature neuronal, glial or ependymal cells. This cell line may possibly serve as a useful model for studying cellular differentiation of human neuroectodermal tumors and normal neuronal development.
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PMID:A continuous cell line (KK-2) from a supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor. 132 7

Fifty exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinomas and 57 benign tumors induced in Syrian hamsters by N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) were examined for the presence of argyrophil cells antiinsulin, -glucagon, -somatostatin, -pancreatic polypeptide (PP), -gastrin/CCK, -vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and - neuron-specific enolase (NSE) reactive cells. Argyrophil - and antihormone-reactive cells were found in the normal pancreatic ducts and in the acini, as well as in hyperplastic and atypical ducts/ductules, tubular complexes, benign lesions, and in 80% of ductal adenocarcinomas. Insulin and antiNSE-reactive cells were the most common, followed in decreasing frequency by glucagon, somatostatin, and PP cells. Antigastrin-/CCK-and -VIP-reactive cells were found in two cases. Argyrophil cells were present in about 60% of the tumors with Grimelius staining and in 55% of those with Churukian-Schenk staining. Insulin cells were seen in ductal cancer that had grown into a lymph node and in the lymph node metastases of another cancer. A novel finding was the presence of argyrophil and insulin cells within the lumen of some malignant glandular structures. Coexistence of several peptide cells was found in 52% of the cancers. The presence of argyrophil and hormone-producing cells in induced pancreatic ductal/ductular lesions further strengthens the existence of a close developmental relationship between exocrine and endocrine cells of the pancreas.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical characterization of endocrine cells in experimental exocrine pancreatic cancer in the Syrian golden hamster. 135 11

Upper gastrointestinal tract neuroendocrine tumors producing predominantly somatostatin have thus far been described only in the duodenum; their characteristic features include the frequent presence of psammoma bodies (psammomatous somatostinomas), and the association with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. Gastric neuroendocrine tumors, on the other hand, tend to display immunoreactivity to serotonin but may include small subpopulations producing gastrin, motilin, pancreatic polypeptide, and somatostatin. In this report we describe a neuroendocrine carcinoma of the stomach with rapidly fatal outcome, displaying neurosecretory granules by electron microscopy and immunoreactivity to pan-neuroendocrine markers, ie, chromogranin and neuron-specific enolase. The only neuroendocrine regulatory peptide detected in the tumor was somatostatin, identified by immunohistochemistry in the majority of neoplastic cells. In contrast with duodenal somatostinomas, there were no psammoma bodies and no demonstrable association with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. To our knowledge this appears to be the first report of a malignant neuroendocrine tumor with diffuse somatostatin immunoreactivity.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the stomach with extensive somatostatin immunoreactivity. 135 88

The general morphology of the intramural innervation of the myenteric plexus of the axolotl stomach has been investigated using antisera raised against neuron-specific enolase and a microtubule-associated protein. Additionally, the occurrence of serotonin and several peptidergic neurotransmitter/neuromodulator substances was studied. Immunoreactivity for galanin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P and neuromedin U was found in both fibres and intrinsic perikarya, whereas the serotonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like-substance-containing nerve fibres seemed to be of extrinsic origin. The axolotl stomach myenteric plexus appeared to be devoid of enkephalin-, neuropeptide Y-, somatostatin- and bombesin-like immunoreactive nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies. Double labelling experiments revealed the presence of a subpopulation of substance P/calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive nerve fibres. Contrary to mammals, no coexistence of neuromedin U and substance P was found. Our findings illustrate that besides a number of similarities, considerable species differences exist between urodeles and anurans with regard to the organization of the enteric nervous system.
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PMID:Morphological features of the myenteric plexus of the stomach of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, revealed by immunocytochemistry. 137 7

The present work was undertaken to determine by immunocytochemical methods which of the putative enteric neurotransmitters are contained in axons supplying the guinea-pig taenia coli and what proportion of axons is accounted for by the presence of these substances. Numerous fibres displayed immunoreactivity for dynorphin (DYN), enkephalin (ENK), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), but, in contrast to other gut regions, fibres showing immunoreactivity for gastrin-releasing peptide, galanin and neuropeptide Y were rare in the taenia. Fibres reactive for calbindin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and somatostatin were also rare. Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity (TH-LI) was present in numerous fibres that disappeared after extrinsic denervation, a procedure that did not detectably affect any of the other major groups of fibres. Simultaneous staining of extrinsically denervated preparations revealed that SP-LI and VIP-LI were located in separate fibres, and ultrastructural studies showed these to be 58% and 33% of intrinsic fibres supplying the muscle. Immunoreactivity for the general marker, neuron-specific enolase, was located in 95-98% of axons. ENK-LI and DYN-LI were in the same axons, and similar proportions of the fibres with either SP-LI or VIP-LI, about 85%, contained immunoreactivity for ENK and DYN. All VIP-LI fibres, but no SP-LI fibres, were reactive for NOS. The results imply that the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum is innervated by two major groups of enteric neurons: (i) excitatory neurons that contain ACh, SP, other tachykinins, and, in most cases, DYN-LI and ENK-LI; and (ii) inhibitory neurons that contain NOS-LI, VIP-LI, in most cases, the two opioids and, quite probably, ATP as a transmitter. GABA-LI is contained in a smaller population of intrinsic axons. Even though the taenia represents one of the simplest tissues for examining transmission from enteric neurons to intestinal muscle, it shares some of the complexity of other regions, in that four major axon types supply the muscle and both the enteric excitatory and enteric inhibitory neurons contain multiple transmitters.
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PMID:Light- and electron-microscopic immunochemical analysis of nerve fibre types innervating the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum. 138 81

A total of 24 patients with endocrine neoplasms of the pancreas were clinicopathologically and immunohistochemically studied. They consisted of 18 patients with adenoma and 6 with carcinoma. Of the 24 patients, 13 developed attacks of hypoglycemia due to hyperinsulinemia, and 1 developed an uncontrollable duodenal ulcer caused by the hypersecretion of gastrin, however, the remaining 10 were asymptomatic. No prediction could be made as to the site of origin of the tumors. A clear difference was seen between adenoma and carcinoma in the size of the mass, the mean greatest diameter of the 18 adenoma cases being 1.7 cm, while that of the 6 carcinoma cases was 7.3 cm. One of the 13 insulinomas and a gastrinoma was malignant, while all 24 tumors were positive for neuron-specific enolase. The 13 insulinomas were diffusely positive for insulin and 5 were also shown to be focally immunoreactive for gastrin, with 3 also being immunoreactive for somatostatin and 2 for pancreatic polypeptide. The gastrinoma showed immunoreactivity for somatostatin, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, and glucagon in addition to a positivity to gastrin. The above findings thus indicate the multiple hormone synthesis of endocrine neoplasms of the pancreas.
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PMID:Endocrine neoplasms of the pancreas: a clinicopathologic study of 24 cases and immunohistochemical remarks. 139 40

Gallbladder carcinoid tumor seen in a 62-year-old woman is described. The neoplasm with typical histologic features of classic carcinoid tumor was a 10 x 8 x 3 mm polyp at the neck of the gallbladder. The argyrophilic tumor cells were diffusely immunoreactive for neuron-specific enolase, cystatin C, chromogranin A and pancreatic polypeptide. A few cells were further positive for somatostatin. The presence of neurosecretory-type granules was confirmed ultrastructurally. The clinicopathologic significance of polypoid presentation of gallbladder carcinoid tumor is emphasized.
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PMID:Pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive gallbladder carcinoid tumor. 156 82

We have detected somatostatin receptors (SSR) by autoradiography in 3/4 established small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines but not in two non-SCLC cell lines. The growth of 1/3 SSR positive SCLC cell lines was significantly inhibited by the long-acting somatostatin analogue octreotide (SMS 201-995, Sandostatin) 10(-9) M. We treated 20 SCLC patients with octreotide 250 micrograms three times daily for 1 week prechemotherapy (six patients) or at relapse after chemotherapy (14). Octreotide was well tolerated, and serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels were suppressed to 62 +/- 7% of pre-treatment levels. However there was no evidence of anti-tumour activity measured by tumour bulk or serum levels of neuron-specific enolase. In one patient metastatic skin nodules were shown to be SSR positive before and at the end of 2 weeks octreotide. Despite this the patient had progressive disease, and tumour cells obtained by fine needle aspirate before and after treatment showed no growth inhibition when cultured with octreotide immediately or following establishment as a cell line. In summary we saw little correlation between SSR expression and growth inhibition by octreotide, either in vitro or clinically.
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PMID:Experimental and clinical studies with somatostatin analogue octreotide in small cell lung cancer. 165 81


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