Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Gastrin, somatostatin, H+/K(+)-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase are principal elements of acid secretion. We investigated in the conscious sheep the effect of 24 h omeprazole (an H+/K(+)-ATPase inhibitor) infusion on these elements at the level of synthesis, storage and secretion. Omeprazole inhibited acid secretion-pH increased from 3.0 to 7.1 at 24 h. Plasma amidated and glycine extended gastrin increased 3-fold while the ratio of amidated to glycine extended gastrins (4:1) remained unchanged. Despite the increase in circulating gastrin, antral gastrin concentration and mRNA did not change significantly. Gastrin-17 (amidated and glycine extended) was the predominant form in the circulation and antrum, although there were preferential increases in larger forms following omeprazole treatment. Omeprazole had no effect on somatostatin mRNA or peptide levels in the fundus. Similarly, plasma somatostatin remained unchanged. However, antral somatostatin increased significantly (63%) following omeprazole treatment accompanied by a 4-fold increase in its mRNA. Fundic H+/K(+)-ATPase mRNA was unchanged but a significant increase (87%) in carbonic anhydrase II mRNA was observed. Omeprazole induced hypergastrinaemia occurred without a measurable reduction in storage or increased synthesis of gastrin at 24 h. Increased antral somatostatin synthesis and storage may result from stimulation by plasma gastrin on antral D cells, independent of acid. The rise in carbonic anhydrase II mRNA in the absence of any change in H+/K(+)-ATPase mRNA may reflect the differential sensitivity of the genes encoding these two enzymes to the stimulatory action of gastrin.
 ...
PMID:Achlorhydria induced changes in gastrin, somatostatin, H+/K(+)-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase in the sheep. 135 10

Carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) occurs in male rat liver at concentrations twenty times those in the female, and is sensitive to the pattern of growth hormone (GH) release. Males release GH episodically and have high concentrations of CAIII; females produce GH in a more continuous fashion and have lower CAIII levels. In normal female rats, the endogenous GH secretory pattern was masculinized, either by regular injections of GH-releasing factor (GRF) or by intermittent infusions of somatostatin (90 min on/90 min off). Both treatments induced regular GH pulses and stimulated growth, but only intermittent somatostatin infusions raised CAIII levels (controls, 1.5 +/- 0.5; somatostatin-treated, 9.0 +/- 2.9 micrograms/mg; means +/- S.D.). GRF pulses (4 micrograms every 4 h) did not however raise CAIII levels (controls 1.8 +/- 0.5; GRF-treated 1.4 +/- 0.4 micrograms/mg). Surprisingly, hepatic CAIII is also sexually dimorphic (males, 18.8 +/- 3; females, 2.22 +/- 0.4 micrograms/mg) in a GH-deficient dwarf rat strain which has low plasma GH levels without 3-hourly GH peaks. Intermittent somatostatin infusions in female dwarf rats partially masculinized hepatic CAIII, an effect reduced by co-infusion with GRF. This CAIII response was not secondary to growth induction, since neither somatostatin nor GRF stimulated growth in dwarf rats, and pulses of exogenous GH stimulated growth in female dwarfs without masculinizing CAIII levels. Furthermore, continuous GH infusion in male dwarf rats partially feminized hepatic CAIII levels (to 9.1 +/- 2.4 micrograms/mg), whereas infusions of insulin-like growth factor-1, which induced the same body weight gain, did not affect hepatic CAIII (20.8 +/- 6 micrograms/mg). These results show that hepatic CAIII expression is highly sensitive to the endogenous GH secretory pattern, independent of growth. They also implicate the low basal GH levels between pulses, rather than the peak GH levels, as the primary determinant of the sexually dimorphic hepatic CAIII expression in the rat.
 ...
PMID:The episodic secretory pattern of growth hormone regulates liver carbonic anhydrase III. Studies in normal and mutant growth-hormone-deficient dwarf rats. 196 44

Counts performed on dissociated cell cultures of E10 chick embryo dorsal root ganglia (DRG) showed after 4-6 days of culture a pronounced decline of the neuronal population in neuron-enriched cultures and a net gain in the number of ganglion cells in mixed DRG cell cultures (containing both neurons and nonneuronal cells). In the latter case, the increase in the number of neurons was found to depend on NGF and to average 119% in defined medium or 129% in horse serum-supplemented medium after 6 days of culture. The lack of [3H]thymidine incorporation into the neuronal population indicated that the newly formed ganglion cells were not generated by proliferation. On the contrary, the differentiation of postmitotic neuroblasts present in the nonneuronal cell compartment was supported by sequential microphotographs of selected fields taken every hour for 48-55 hr after 3 days of culture. Apparently nonneuronal flat dark cells exhibited morphological changes and gradually evolved into neuronal ovoid and refringent cell bodies with expanding neurites. The ultrastructural organization of these evolving cells corresponded to that of primitive or intermediate neuroblasts. The neuronal nature of these rounding up cell bodies was indeed confirmed by the progressive expression of various neuronal cell markers (150 and 200-kDa neurofilament triplets, neuron specific enolase, and D2/N-CAM). Besides a constant lack of immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase, somatostatin, parvalbumin, and calbindin-D 28K and a lack of cytoenzymatic activity for carbonic anhydrase, all the newly produced neurons expressed three main phenotypic characteristics: a small cell body, a strong immunoreactivity to MAG, and substance P. Hence, ganglion cells newly differentiated in culture would meet characteristics ascribed to small B sensory neurons and more specifically to a subpopulation of ganglion cells containing substance P-immunoreactive material.
 ...
PMID:Differentiation of postmitotic neuroblasts into substance P-immunoreactive sensory neurons in dissociated cultures of chick dorsal root ganglion. 243 96

Somatostatin and its analogs have been shown to inhibit both pancreatic endocrine and exocrine function. We hypothesized that octreotide acetate (Sandostatin), a somatostatin analog, decreases the pancreatic flow rate through a peptide-mediated mechanism and alters pancreatic fluid composition by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase action and circulating peptide levels. To test this hypothesis, we collected pancreatic fluid from six patients (four with pancreatic fistulas and two with pancreatic drains after pancreatic resection). Pancreatic fluid volume and chloride, sodium, potassium, amylase, lipase, and bicarbonate levels were measured before and after octreotide acetate therapy. Octreotide acetate reduced pancreatic fluid output by a mean of 75 percent (p less than 0.05), increased chloride concentration by 21 percent (p less than 0.05), and reduced bicarbonate content by 45 percent (p less than 0.05). Sodium levels were unchanged, but the potassium concentration was increased by 14 percent (p less than 0.05). Total amylase and lipase production per 24 hours was decreased by 63 percent and 27 percent, respectively (differences not significant). Somatostatin may be useful in the treatment of established pancreatic fistulas and may be a useful prophylactic tool to prevent postoperative fistula formation.
 ...
PMID:Effect of octreotide acetate on pancreatic exocrine function. 246 37

Localization of GM1 ganglioside, the receptor for cholera toxin, and choleragenoid, which is the binding subunit of cholera toxin, was studied in the rat L5 dorsal root ganglion. Sections were incubated with choleragenoid and treated immunocytochemically. Choleragenoid-like immunoreactive cells were then examined for possible co-localization with carbonic anhydrase-like, RT 97 (antibody to neurofilament proteins), substance P-like, somatostatin-like and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity and fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) activity, using adjacent sections. A subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion neurons exhibited choleragenoid-like immunoreactivity. The majority of these were medium-sized and large neurons. The strongest immunoreactivity was found in the area of the plasma membrane, but strong reactivity was also seen in the cytoplasm. The majority of the choleragenoid-like immunoreactive cells showed carbonic anhydrase-like and RT 97 immunoreactivity. Cells showing co-localization of choleragenoid-like and neuropeptide-like immunoreactivity or activity for FRAP were rarely observed. Our results suggest that the GM1 receptor is localized primarily on carbonic anhydrase-containing and RT 97-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons.
 ...
PMID:Immunocytochemical evidence for the localization of the GM1 ganglioside in carbonic anhydrase-containing and RT 97-immunoreactive rat primary sensory neurons. 249 5

Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were fairly numerous in the pancreas and upper duodenum of the rat at about the time of birth. A minor population of these cells stained with antibodies directed against the N-terminal region of gastrin-34 as well as with antibodies directed against the C-terminal region. The remainder of the cells stained with the C-terminally directed antibodies only. Within a fortnight after birth all gastrin-immunoreactive cells disappeared from the pancreas and were greatly reduced in number in the duodenum; those that remained were probably CCK cells. Gastrin cells were rare in the antrum at birth and remained rare during the first days after birth. They increased in number, slowly until after weaning (15-20 days of age) and then more rapidly, until 25-30 days of age when the gastrin cell density reached that in adult rats. At the time of birth the gastrin concentration in serum was low; the subsequent increase during the first 2 weeks paralleled the development of the antral gastrin cell system. Adult postprandial serum gastrin concentrations were reached 12 days after birth. Somatostatin cells were rare in both the antral and oxyntic mucosa at birth. They increased gradually in number until about a month after birth when the cell density reached that seen in adult rats. In the oxyntic mucosa the ECL and A-like cells are the predominant endocrine (argyrophil) cell types. They were not detected until about 4 days after birth. Their number increased slowly until about 30 days of age. They did not stain argyrophil until about 2-4 weeks after birth. Parietal cells were few at birth; ultrastructurally they appeared to be in an active state and histochemically they were shown to contain carbonic anhydrase. The pH of the gastric content of newborn rats was close to 5; 15-17 days after birth the pH was about 4 in freely fed rats. In fasted rats shortly after birth the pH was about 4. Two weeks later it was around 2, which is the pH measured in older rats. Hence, the full capacity for acid secretion is probably not established until weaning. Fasting greatly lowers the serum gastrin concentration and the histidine decarboxylase activity of the ECL cells in adult rats. Before weaning, fasting produced these effects only to a minor degree.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Endocrine cells and parietal cells in the stomach of the developing rat. 286 80

Somatostatin inhibits gastric acid secretion in vivo by effects on oxyntic cells which may be indirect. Using quantitative cytochemistry, we have investigated the actions of somatostatin on guinea pig oxyntic cell carbonic anhydrase activity, an index of acid secretion. Cyclic tetradecapeptide somatostatin, in the range of 2.9 X 10(-15) to 2.9 X 10(-10) M, stimulated oxyntic cell carbonic anhydrase activity in sections of guinea pig gastric fundus with a linear dose-response between 2.9 X 10(-14) and 2.9 x 10(-11) M. The maximal response to somatostatin was 50% of that to gastrin. Gastrin stimulated oxyntic cell carbonic anhydrase in the dose range of 2.3 X 10(-15) to 2.3 X 10(-11) M. The addition of 2.9 x 10(-13) M somatostatin caused an inhibition of 38-75% of the carbonic anhydrase activity stimulated by various concentrations of gastrin. The addition of 2.3 X 10(-13) M gastrin (which caused 79% of maximal carbonic anhydrase activation), to each dose of somatostatin from 2.9 X 10(-15) to 2.9 X 10(-10) M did not alter the action of somatostatin, and the action of gastrin was reduced to that observed with somatostatin alone. The data indicate noncompetitive inhibition between somatostatin and gastrin. Thus, somatostatin is an intrinsic, albeit weak, stimulator of gastric oxyntic cell carbonic anhydrase activity, and despite this, is a noncompetitive antagonist of the action of gastrin. Gastrin is an agonist and noncompetitive antagonist of the action of somatostatin.
 ...
PMID:Somatostatin is an agonist and noncompetitive antagonist of gastrin in oxyntic cell function. 611 96

The goal of the present study was to identify cytochemical markers characteristic of muscle afferents in hatchling chicks. To this end, we stained neurons in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus with a variety of markers that label subsets of neurons in avian dorsal root ganglia. We found that trigeminal mesencephalic neurons are surprisingly heterogeneous in their cytochemical make-up, expressing, to varying degrees, substance P, cholecystokinin, carbonic anhydrase, calbindin D-28k, parvalbumin, and S-100 beta. Calbindin D28k and S-100 beta appeared to be expressed equally in medial and lateral divisions of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. In contrast, substance P- and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive neurons were more abundant in the medial division, whereas carbonic anhydrase activity and parvalbumin immunoreactivity were stronger in the lateral division. We were unable to detect met-enkephalin, neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, or tyrosine hydroxylase in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. Moreover, these neurons did not appear to bind the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin. The heterogeneity of expression of markers among trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus neurons, especially between neurons in the medial and lateral divisions, suggests that these neurons are functionally diverse.
 ...
PMID:Cytochemical characteristics of neurons in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus of hatchling chicks. 788 44

The innervation of the intervibrissal fur in the mystacial pad of the rat and mouse was examined by immunofluorescence with a wide variety of antibodies for neuronal related structural proteins, enzymes, and peptides as well as for lectin binding histofluorescence with Griffonia simplicifolia (GSA). Anti-protein gene product 9.5 (PGP) immunofluorescence labeled all sets of axons and endings. The innervation in the upper dermis and epidermis was distributed through a four tiered dermal plexus. From deep to superficial, the second tier was the source of all apparent myelinated mechanoreceptors, the third tier of nearly all the peptidergic and GSA binding innervation, and the fourth tier of nonpeptidergic GSA negative innervation (peptide-/GSA-). Three types of mechanoreceptors-Merkel, transverse lanceolate, and longitudinal lanceolate endings-innervated guard hair follicles. All had similar labeling characteristics for 160 kDa and 200 kDa neurofilament subunits, peripherin, carbonic anhydrase, synaptophysin, and S100. Palisades of longitudinal lanceolate endings were part of piloneural complexes along circumferentially oriented sets of transverse lanceolate endings, peptidergic free nerve endings (FNEs), and peptide-/GSA- FNEs. The longitudinal lanceolate endings were the only mechanoreceptors in the mystacial pad that had detectable calcitonin gene-related peptide. The epidermis contained four types of unmyelinated endings: simple free nerve endings (FNEs), penicillate endings, cluster endings and bush endings. Only the simple FNEs were clearly peptidergic. Virtually all others were peptide-/ GSA-. Each bush ending was actually an intermingled cluster of endings formed by several unmyelinated axons and occasionally an Adelta axon. In contrast to the other unmyelinated innervation to the epidermis, bush endings labeled with an antibody against the Schwann cell protein S100. The necks and mouths of follicles, as well as superficial vasculature, were innervated by a mixture of unmyelinated peptidergic and/or GSA labeled sensory and sympathetic axons. Small presumptive sweat glands were innervated by three sets of peptidergic axons of which one was immunoreactive for somatostatin. Potential functions of the various sets of innervation are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Comprehensive immunofluorescence and lectin binding analysis of intervibrissal fur innervation in the mystacial pad of the rat. 926 23

Dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating skin via the saphenous nerve, muscle via the gastrocnemius nerve and viscera via the splanchnic nerve, were identified by retrograde tracing with Fast Blue applied to the cut nerve. Only neuronal profiles with nuclei were counted. At the survival times used no changes in immunohistochemical labelling patterns were detectable in the axotomized neurons. Percentages of Fast Blue-labelled neuronal profiles that were immunolabelled were calculated. The values for markers of carbohydrate groups were for skin, muscle and viscera, respectively: the lectin peanut agglutinin 55%, 24%, and 50%; the lectin soybean agglutinin 72%, 56%, 61%; the antibody 2C5 (against lactoseries groups) 43%, 20%, 6%; the antibodies SSEA-4 (against globoseries groups) 6%, 12%, 0% and SSEA-3 (against globoseries groups) 6%, 5%, 0%. The values for neurofilament rich profiles were for skin, muscle and viscera, respectively: 34%, 43%, 19%, and for carbonic anhydrase were 10%, 33%, 2%. Values for neuropeptides were, for calcitonin gene-related peptide 51%, 70%, 99%, for substance P 21%, 51%, 82%, and for somatostatin 10%, 2% and 0%. The population of skin afferents therefore contained the highest proportion of profiles expressing galactose containing carbohydrate groups labelled by 2C5 and the lectins and the highest proportion of cells with somatostatin. In contrast they had the lowest proportions of cells with calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P, compared with the other tissues. Muscle afferents had the highest proportions compared with the other tissues of the neurofilament-rich, carbonic anhydrase-positive and SSEA-4-labelled profiles, but the lowest proportions of profiles with lectin binding. The splanchnic visceral afferents had the highest proportions, compared with the other tissues, of neuronal profiles labelled for calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P, but the lowest proportions of neurofilament rich profiles and of profiles with carbonic anhydrase or 2C5 labelling and they totally lacked any labelling for globoseries carbohydrates and somatostatin. Both the muscle and skin afferent populations had clear small cell and large cell peaks in their size distributions, with the small cell peak being larger for skin than muscle afferents and the large cell peak being more marked for muscle afferents. The visceral afferent profiles had a unimodal size distribution with the peak size being between the small and large cell peaks of the somatic afferent units. This study therefore shows that the patterns of immunohistochemical labelling and cell size of primary afferent neurons differ according to their peripheral target tissue.
 ...
PMID:Differences in expression of oligosaccharides, neuropeptides, carbonic anhydrase and neurofilament in rat primary afferent neurons retrogradely labelled via skin, muscle or visceral nerves. 960 20


1 2 Next >>