Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Growth hormone (GH) is secreted in a pulsatile way during the whole life under the reciprocal influence of somatostatin and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH). It mediates many effects by stimulating production of insulin like growth factor I (IGF I) in liver and other tissues, but IGF I is also regulated by the nutritional state. Women secrete more GH than men, and older men and women less than young women. This suggests importance of estradiol in regulating secretion. Sex hormone effects are also demonstrated by the increment of GH and IGF I at puberty, which is an amplitude-modulated phenomenon. Classic metabolic studies have shown that patients with GH-deficiency retain more nitrogen in response to a given dose of exogenous hGH than normal subjects. The use of the stable isotope 15N has simplified such studies. In GH-deficient patients, there was with this technique a marked positive hGH-induced balance change. In girls with Turner syndrome (as example of subjects with normal GH-secretion), balance change was less marked with the same dose. Girls with Turner syndrome, who were given a double hGH-dose showed a response in the same range as that in the GH-deficient patients with the lower dose. A conclusion from this is that patients with normal GH-secretion need higher doses to obtain a similar response, than patients with GH-deficiency. The dosage in such patients will have to be selected individually, and needs to be about twice or three times as high as in GH-deficient patients.
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PMID:Assessment of growth hormone secretion in children. 225 28

Growth factors act after specific binding with cell membrane receptors, i.e. these factors mediate mitogenic signals. Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) (syn.: somatomedins) as well as insulin have the same biological activity caused by structural homology. But under normal physiological conditions neither IGF I nor IGF II appear to be involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, in contrary to insulin IGFs have mostly mitogenic features. On the other side it is possible that under pathophysiological conditions hypoglycemic effects are caused by an increase of free IGF in the circulation. Insulin acts as a regulating factor in the GF-expression. IGF-I and IGF-II are different peptides especially regarding to their biological role. The synthesis of IGF-I secretion in the liver is dependent on growth hormone (GH). GH is secreted by the pituitary under the influence of the growth-hormone releasing factor (GHF) and is inhibited by somatostatin. In response to GH the liver secretes somatomedin which exerts negative feed back effects on the pituitary and stimulates somatostatin release. The IGF-synthesis is dependent on the human placental lactogen (HPL), i.e. IGF-II is mainly responsible for fetal development the estimation of the production of IGFs by the fetus supports investigations about fetal somatomedins to clear fetal growth retardations and diabetic macrosomia respectively.
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PMID:[Somatomedins--insulin-like growth factors]. 255 21

Conditions for long-term cultivation of human fetal brain cells in a chemically defined medium were established using cryopreserved brain fragments obtained from legal abortions. Tissue of the same gestational age was pooled and the cells cultured in a fully defined medium containing insulin-like growth factors (IGF I and II). Primary cultures were kept for 2-4 weeks and secondary or tertiary cultures could be maintained for 3 months. The cultures were characterized by morphological, electrophysiological and biochemical methods. Glial cells were predominant during the first two weeks of culture. In later stages of cultivation, glial cells diminished in number and most cells were neuronal. Voltage-dependent Na+ channels were recorded from neurons. Biochemical studies indicated that the fetal brain cells contained and secreted immunoreactive somatostatin as well as the tachykinins, substance P and neurokinin A. Cultures grown in IGF II- or nerve growth factor-containing medium expressed increased choline acetyltransferase activity.
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PMID:Long-term cultivation of cryopreserved human fetal brain cells in a chemically defined medium. 258 51

The long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 was administered to a six-month-old infant with intractable diarrhea after failure of conventional treatment. During eight weeks of treatment, the secretory component of the diarrhea was positively influenced with a reduction of daily stool weight and stool sodium concentration. Plasma levels of growth hormone were markedly, and levels of insulin, IGF I, gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide, VIP, and neurotensin moderately decreased. Linear growth was also inhibited. The patient unexpectedly died from fulminant colitis at a time, when the dosage had been reduced from 18 to 3.5 micrograms/kg/day. The relationship, if any, between therapy with SMS 201-995 and the colitis remained unclear. It is concluded that SMS 201-995 can be effective in reducing secretory diarrhea in infants. However, further studies are necessary to assess the safety of its administration in this age group.
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PMID:Effects of the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in an infant with intractable diarrhea. 284 5

Five acromegalic patients were treated preoperatively over a period of 1-4 weeks with the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995. The patients received daily 3 X 100 micrograms of SMS 201-995 subcutaneously. This schedule resulted in a rapid improvement of the clinical symptoms in 4 out of 5 patients. In these same patients plasma growth hormone concentrations decreased markedly. However, only in one patient were growth hormone concentrations normalized. Plasma IGF I, which was elevated in all patients, was normalized only in this same patient. Tumour volume as determined by thin section CT-scans decreased only in one case by 17%. All tumours appeared extraordinarily soft upon operation. Conventional light microscopy showed no difference between tumours of SMS-pre-treated and untreated patients. Ultrastructural investigation showed the usual heterogeneity.
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PMID:Pre-operative treatment of 5 acromegalics with a somatostatin analogue: endocrine and clinical observations. 288 19

The aims of this study were (1) to assess possible variations in the serum levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) and somatostatin in patients with pancreatic cancer as compared to other pancreatic or extrapancreatic diseases and (2) to ascertain the role of these substances in tumour growth and spread. 35 patients with pancreatic cancer were compared to 15 patients with chronic pancreatitis, 15 with benign hepatobiliary diseases, 23 with benign or malignant gastro-intestinal diseases and 22 control subjects. Increased EGF and IGF I serum levels were found in 10% of patients with pancreatic cancer. Somatostatin levels were increased in 8/16 (50%) patients with pancreatic cancer. No correlation was found between EGF, IGF I or somatostatin and tumour size or stage. In pancreatic cancer somatostatin serum levels were correlated with total bilirubin (p < 0.04), while EGF and IGF I were inversely correlated with fasting serum glucose levels (p < 0.05). In conclusion, (1) the serum levels of EGF, IGF I and somatostatin were not related to tumour size and clinical stage of pancreatic cancer, (2) the serum levels EGF and IGF I may be related to altered glucose metabolism, and (3) liver impairment can influence somatostatin serum levels.
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PMID:Serum growth factors in patients with pancreatic cancer. 1005 Jan 5