Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), lysyl-bradykinin, somatostatin, Met- and Leu-enkephalin were tested for their smooth muscle activity in isolated human mesenteric arteries and veins. Only NPY regularly contracted both arteries and veins. Alpha-adrenergic and 5-HT2 antagonists did not affect the response. Somatostatin contracted the veins, but not the arteries, in a variable but concentration-dependent way. The other neuropeptides were without contractile effect. CGRP, bradykinin, and SP regularly dilated, in a concentration-dependent way, both arteries and veins precontracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha or uridine triphosphate. CGRP and bradykinin were the most potent dilators. VIP and somatostatin usually caused a moderate dilatation in the arteries, whereas in the veins, somatostatin was without dilatory effect and the VIP-induced dilatation was irregular. In both types of vessels Met-enkephalin seldom gave any significant dilatation, and no response occurred in the presence of Leu-enkephalin or NPY. The SP-antagonist (D-Arg, D-Trp, Leu)-SP (spantide) caused a dextal shift of the concentration-response curves for SP, in the case of the arteries also including a reduced maximum effect.
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PMID:Contractile and dilatory action of neuropeptides on isolated human mesenteric blood vessels. 358 45

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is present in fibers extending from the submucous plexus to the epithelium of the small intestine where the liberation of NPY might affect ion transport. We sought the effects of NPY on rabbit ileal mucosa stripped of muscularis propria and mounted in a flux chamber. NPY reduced the transmural electrical potential difference and short circuit current (Isc) and increased total ionic conductance. Threshold and maximal effects were evoked at concentrations of 1 nM and 1 microM, respectively. NPY increased chloride absorption, JCl(net), by increasing the flux of Cl from mucosa to serosa, JCl(ms), and by decreasing JCl(sm). JNa(net) actually diminished because JNa(sm) rose more than JNa(ms). In the presence of NPY theophylline 5 mM caused Cl secretion, increased potential difference and Isc and reduced total ionic conductance, indicating that the tissue could respond to a secretagogue. Tetrodotoxin 0.1 microM did not diminish the Isc reduction caused by NPY, and desensitization did not alter the response of the tissue to electrical field stimulation. Like somatostatin and norepinephrine, which are also present in the submucous plexus, NPY increases Cl absorption, but unlike them, it reduces rather than augments Na absorption. The lack of effect of tetrodotoxin on the Isc response to NPY implies that NPY does not act by liberating a second neurotransmitter; the lack of effect of NPY desensitization indicates that the liberation of NPY plays no significant role in the response of the tissue to electrical field stimulation.
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PMID:Effect of neuropeptide Y on ion transport by the rabbit ileum. 375 70

Neuropeptide Y is a 36-amino acid peptide that is found in high concentrations in cerebral cortex and is contained in cortical neurons. We measured concentrations of this peptide in postmortem tissue from patients with Alzheimer's disease and controls using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. High-performance liquid chromatography showed that more than 95% of immunoreactivity co-migrated with synthetic standards in both Alzheimer's disease and control frontal cortex. Significant reductions in neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity were found in eleven cortical regions, the hippocampus, and the locus ceruleus. The regions particularly affected included the temporal lobe, frontal lobe, and occipital cortex. As neuropeptide Y is co-localized with somatostatin in a considerable proportion of cortical neurons, the loss of immunoreactivity may in part reflect degeneration of these neurons. Further study of the selective vulnerability of these neurons in Alzheimer's disease cortex may provide clues to the nature of the underlying disease process.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity is reduced in cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease. 376 13

The immunogold-silver staining technique is shown to be of great value in the detection of regulatory peptide-containing nerves and endocrine cells in routinely fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded tissues. The method appears to be better for this system than peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) which can yield poor or variable results. Antibodies to regulatory peptides, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P, neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), glucagon, pancratic polypeptide, and somatostatin 14 and 28, as well as to neurofilaments, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100, were used on sections of a variety of tissues from rat and pig including respiratory tract, skin, gut, pancreas, vagina, uterus, fallopian tube and kidney. In all cases, stronger immunostaining of nerves was obtained with the immunogold-silver technique than with PAP. The inherent density of the staining was also found to improve the visibility of endocrine cells in the section, and to permit the use of routine histological stains for counterstaining. As immunogold-silver staining is sensitive, rapid, cheap and avoids hazardous reagents, we feel it has great potential for the immunostaining of nerves and endocrine cells that contain regulatory peptides in routinely fixed and embedded tissues and may prove useful in pathology.
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PMID:The potential of the immunogold-silver staining method for paraffin sections. 608 58

Nerves containing immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P and two newly discovered peptides, neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) and PHI (peptide having N-terminal histidine and C-terminal isoleucine), have been found in the human urinary bladder by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. Somatostatin immunoreactivity was detected by radioimmunoassay. The VIP-immunoreactive nerves were widely distributed in all regions, but were particularly dense beneath the epithelium and in the muscle layer. Scattered intramural ganglia were found to be reactive to VIP antiserum. Higher concentrations of extractable VIP were detected in the trigone than in the dome. VIP- and PHI-immunoreactive nerves were similarly distributed, the latter being less numerous. NPY-immunoreactive nerves were seen mainly in the muscle layer, particularly in the trigonal area. The distribution patterns of VIP- and NPY-immunoreactive nerves resembled those of the previously reported cholinergic and adrenergic nerves, respectively. Many blood vessels were found to be innervated by both types of immunoreactive nerves. Scattered substance P-immunoreactive fibers were occasionally seen, being present in the submucosa and around the detrusor muscles. The significance of these nerves remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Peptide-containing nerves in human urinary bladder. 620 53

Specimens of hypertrophic scar tissue (n = 9), non-hypertrophic, flat scar tissue (n = 5) and control skin (n = 3) were obtained from eight adult females (aged 22-56) and three adult males (aged 22-59). The specimens were studied histologically and immunohistochemically for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, somatostatin, [Met]enkephalin, [Leu]enkephalin, and the enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase. The non-hypertrophic scar tissues were not dissimilar to the control tissue, but contained connective tissue in bundles with a greater number of collagen fibres. In the hypertrophic scar tissue of some patients, the dermis contained adipose tissue displaced upwards from the hypodermis. The connective tissue contained densely packed collagen fibres and fibroblasts; this region was devoid of hair follicles, sweat glands and blood vessels, although they were observed in the region of loosely packed connective tissue. The normal skin contained all the neuropeptides studied, except somatostatin-, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerves, which were seen as single fibres or in nerve bundles, and were associated with blood vessels in the dermis. Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves were found in the arrector pili muscle, and neuropeptide Y-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-, [Met]enkephalin- and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-containing nerves were found within sweat glands. In patients with flat, non-hypertrophic scar tissue, neuropeptides and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-containing nerves were absent. In patients with hypertrophic scars, the density of neuropeptide Y-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide- and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerves was greater in the dermis when compared with controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Neuropeptide-containing nerves in painful hypertrophic human scar tissue. 751 32

The endocrine pancreas from 2 genera of lacertid lizards (Pedioplanis and Meroles) was investigated immunocytochemically for the presence of immunoreactivity to mammalian antisera to insulin (I), glucagon (G), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), somatostatin 14 (SRIF 14) and somatostatin 28 (SRIF 28), pancreastatin (Pst), galanin (Gl), oxytocin (OT). Cells immunoreactive (IR) to all the antisera used, and nerve fibers IR only to anti-galanin were found. Moreover, three types of colocalized immunoreactivities were detected: type 1 (PP/PYY/NPY), type 2 (G/PP/PYY/NPY), and type 3 (G/PYY/NPY/Pst).
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PMID:The endocrine pancreas of lacertids: an immunocytochemical study of the genera Pedioplanis and Meroles. 754 43

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is known to occur in the autonomic nervous system, including the pancreatic islet innervation. We now present evidence that NPY is also expressed in endocrine islet cells in hamster pancreas. Thus, NPY-immunoreactivity and gene expression were detected in peripheral islet cells, using immunocytochemistry (ICC), in situ hybridization (ISH), and a combination of these techniques. Double immunostaining for NPY and somatostatin enabled localisation of NPY ot the vast majority of the somatostatin cells. However, a few somatostatin cells were devoid of NPY immunoreactivity and an occasional NPY-immunoreactive cell was devoid of somatostatin. ISH with an NPY mRNA specific probe, showed labelling of cells in the islet periphery. Furthermore, combined ISH for NPY mRNA and ICC for somatostatin showed autoradiographic labelling of somatostatin cells to a varying degree. Both somatostatin and NPY are inhibitors of insulin and/or glucagon secretion. Thus, in the islets these two peptides may be coreleased and cooperate in the regulation of islet hormone secretion. The role for NPY emanating from islet cells is probably paracrine rather than endocrine.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y is expressed in islet somatostatin cells of the hamster pancreas: a combined immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization study. 764 4

Recovery of circadian drinking rhythms in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)-lesioned rats after fetal SCN grafting was related to the immunocytochemical appearance and fiber outgrowth of vasopressin (VP)-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-, and somatostatin (SOM)-containing neurons in the implants. At 4 weeks postgrafting, the first recovered animal was found. After longer survival times, 38% of the animals showed recovery. Immunocytochemical evaluation indicated that full maturation of the SCN grafts was not reached until 4 weeks postgrafting. Grafted VP and VIP cells were always located together, whereas SOM cells were clustered nearby but separate. Neuropeptide Y fibers were observed with an increasing fiber density between 2 and 5 weeks posttransplantation and were clustered particularly at the level of the SOM cells. In all rhythm-recovered animals transplants of VP and VIP fibers had grown laterally into the hypothalamus. A few nonrecovered animals also showed ingrowth of such fibers, though more caudally to the lesioned SCN. Many of the nonrecovered rats showed similar stainings but without these efferent outgrowth to the host. We conclude that neither a humoral factor nor the presence of VP and VIP efferents in the host brain alone are enough for the restoration of circadian drinking rhythms.
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PMID:Functional development of fetal suprachiasmatic nucleus grafts in suprachiasmatic nucleus-lesioned rats. 768 Sep 43

The extent to which the plasticity in peptide expression observed in developing spinal motoneurons occurs following proximal peripheral axotomy in the adult rat was examined using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques to visualize the changes. Transient upregulation of galanin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and substance P messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) was observed within subpopulations of motoneurons ipsilateral to lesion for periods lasting 2-3 weeks after injury. In contrast, the axotomy-induced heterogenous increases in somatostatin and neuropeptide tyrosine mRNA expression in ipsilateral motoneurons remained elevated, or, in the case of somatostatin, continued to increase for the time period studied (1 month). Immunohistochemical analysis agreed with the in situ hybridization results, showing some motoneurons within the injured ventral horn to contain galanin-, VIP- or somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. In some instances, galanin-immunoreactive motoneurons colocalized with calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity. Most of the neurons expressing the injury-induced peptides appeared large, presumably alpha-motoneurons but there were also many small neurons expressing galanin in the ventral horn ipsilateral to lesion. This may represent evidence for peptide synthesis in gamma-motoneurons. The only peptide mRNA studied to be down-regulated in response to axotomy was enkephalin. The results show that peptide expression in injured motoneurons is dramatically altered, the significance of which remains to be determined.
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PMID:Expression of neuropeptides and neuropeptide mRNAs in spinal cord after axotomy in the rat, with special reference to motoneurons and galanin. 768 9


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