Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study examines the distribution of several neuropeptides, as revealed by immunohistochemistry in the isolated cord. Fetal rat spinal cord was grafted to the anterior chamber of the adult Sprague-Dawley albino rats. After intraocular maturation for 2-3 months, the amount and distribution of somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, substance P, enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, peptide histidine-isoleucine, calcitonin gene-related peptide and cholecystokinin immunoreactive terminals and cell bodies were analysed using indirect fluorescence immunohistochemistry. The visualization of immunoreactive cell bodies in the grafts was enhanced using a novel intraocular colchicine treatment. In the graft a rich network of somatostatin-positive terminals was found with a high density in well-demarcated areas reminiscent of substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn of normal spinal cord. A large number of small- to medium-sized somatostatin neurons was found throughout the grafts without colchicine treatment. This is in contrast to normal spinal cord, where positive neurons were difficult to visualize without colchicine and were mainly confined to the dorsal horn. Neuropeptide Y had a distribution in the grafts similar to that of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y cells were found throughout the grafts without colchicine treatment. In normal spinal cord, neuropeptide Y-positive fibers were found mainly in substantia gelatinosa with a sparse network in the ventral horn. Enkephalin-positive fibers were found throughout the grafts. The distribution of fibers resembled that of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y with distinct zones of high fiber density in well-demarcated areas, whereas the density of nerve fibers in the rest of the graft neuropil was moderate to low. The distribution of substance P was similar to that of enkephalin. After colchicine treatment, both enkephalin- and substance P-positive cell bodies were visualized. In the intact spinal cord both peptides were seen in the entire gray matter with the highest concentrations in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn. Antisera against calcitonin gene related-peptide, revealed a sparse terminal network and many large cells, which might represent motoneurons. A sparse network of varicose cholecystokinin-immunoreactive fibers was found evenly distributed in the grafts. In normal spinal cord a dense cholecystokinin-positive network of primary sensory afferent origin was found in the dorsal horn. In the grafts cholecystokinin cell bodies were seen after colchicine treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Expression of eight neuropeptides in intraocular spinal cord grafts: organotypical and disturbed patterns as evidenced by immunohistochemistry. 245 42

The cellular location of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) synthesis in rat brain is identified by using in-situ hybridisation histochemistry. The results show that NPY mRNA is widely distributed through the rat brain, although the levels of NPY mRNA are surprisingly low. There is a large degree of variation in the content of NPY mRNA in different regions. The highest cellular levels of NPY mRNA are found in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, in the hypothalamus, in the cerebral cortex, and in the hilar region of the hippocampus. In general, the distribution of perikarya containing NPY mRNA corresponds to the reported distribution of perikarya containing NPY-immunoreactivity. However, NPY mRNA was detected in the majority of the perikarya in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, an area not previously known to contain NPY neurones. In many areas of the forebrain the distribution of NPY mRNA parallels that of somatostatin mRNA, supporting suggestions of their coexistence. The ability to detect NPY mRNA at the cellular level should be of considerable use in dynamic studies of the activity of NPY neurones.
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PMID:Neuronal localisation of neuropeptide Y gene expression in rat brain. 259 17

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and somatostatin (SS)-like immunoreactivities (LI) were investigated in tumor tissues of one ganglioneuroma (GN), 3 ganglioneuroblastomas (GNB) and one neuroblastoma (NB) by radioimmunoassay. NPY-LI was detected from all 5 tumor tissues (16.4-1247 pmol/g wet tissue). Sephadex G-50 column chromatography and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that most of the NPY-LI in tumor extracts was eluted in an identical position to synthetic human NPY except one GNB (case 2). In this case, most of the NPY-LI was eluted in a higher molecular weight region than synthetic human NPY in Sephadex G-50 column chromatography and in a more hydrophobic position in HPLC. SS-LI was detected from 4 tumor extracts except one GNB (case 2) (21.3-787 pmol/g wet tissue). Sephadex G-25 column chromatography and reverse phase HPLC revealed that SS-LI in tumor extracts was eluted just after the void volume and then in the same positions as SS-28 and SS-14. These results suggest that NPY, SS-14 and SS-28 exist in tumor tissues of GN, GNB and NB, and most of the NPY-LI in one GNB was a higher molecular and more hydrophobic form of NPY-LI.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities in ganglioneuroma, ganglioneuroblastoma and neuroblastoma. 262 Jun 62

Nerves containing peptides that supply the human intrapulmonary vasculature were studied in 21 controls aged one month to 24 years and in 13 patients with pulmonary hypertension aged 11 days to eight years. An indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to study the distribution and relative density of nerve fibres containing the general neuronal marker, protein gene product 9.5; tyrosine hydroxylase; synaptophysin; neuropeptide tyrosine; vasoactive intestinal polypeptide; substance P, somatostatin; and calcitonin gene related peptide. At all ages in normal and hypertensive lungs neuropeptide tyrosine was the predominant neuropeptide associated with the pulmonary vascular nerves. In normal lungs the relative density of nerve fibres increased during childhood only in the arteries of the respiratory unit. Pulmonary hypertension was associated with the premature innervation of these arteries during the first year of life. Innervation of small, abnormally thick-walled pre-capillary vessels by predominantly vasoconstrictor nerves may help to explain the susceptibility of infants to pulmonary hypertensive crises.
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PMID:A study of nerves containing peptides in the pulmonary vasculature of healthy infants and children and of those with pulmonary hypertension. 268 36

Selected portions of the prevertebral and paravertebral sympathetic and vagal parasympathetic nervous systems have been examined in the genetically diabetic Chinese hamster, an experimental animal model of diabetic gastrointestinal disease. The prevertebral sympathetic superior mesenteric/celiac ganglia, which provide much of the sympathetic innervation of the alimentary tract, developed large numbers of markedly dilated axons, many of which had the ultrastructural features of neuroaxonal dystrophy. Dystrophic axons, many involving presynaptic axonal elements, were increased in frequency in the prevertebral superior mesenteric/celiac ganglia, but not in the paravertebral superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, of chronically diabetic hamsters in comparison with age-matched controls. Dystrophic axons contained substance P- and gastrin-releasing peptide (gastrin-releasing peptide/bombesin)-like staining but were not labeled by antisera directed against vasoactive intestinal peptide, dynorphin-B, somatostatin, leu- and met-enkephalin and neuropeptide tyrosine. Substance P and gastrin-releasing peptide/bombesin containing subpopulations of presynaptic elements in prevertebral sympathetic ganglia are thought to participate in local reflex control of bowel motility and lesions preferentially involving these elements may contribute to bowel dysfunction. Immunohistologic techniques failed to demonstrate dystrophic axons in the superior cervical ganglia. Although morphometric studies failed to show significant axon loss in the abdominal vagus of chronically diabetic Chinese hamsters, evidence of markedly diminished numbers of axons comprising each Schwann cell unit and regenerative collections of Schwann cell processes devoid of axons are consistent with the participation of parasympathetic elements in the pathogenesis of alimentary dysfunction in this model system. These results suggest that selective subpopulations of neuropeptide containing axons are vulnerable to the diabetic condition and that these abnormalities may lead to physiologic dysfunction.
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PMID:Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characterization of autonomic neuropathy in genetically diabetic Chinese hamsters. 274 19

A detailed regional distribution of nerve cells and terminals immunoreactive to polypeptides or monoamines was examined in the 5 subdivisions (rostral, mid-dorsal, mid-ventral, caudo-dorsal and caudo-ventral parts) of the nucleus preopticus medianus (POMe) of the rat. In general, immunoreactive nerve cells and terminals are more numerous in the ventral parts of the middle and caudal POMe. Nerve cells immunoreactive to neurotensin (NT), Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (mENK8) or cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK8) are distributed throughout the POMe, while those immunoreactive to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) are found in the rostral and middle POMe. Nerve cells immunoreactive to substance P (SP) are seen in the middle and caudal POMe and those immunoreactive to somatostatin (SRIF) are scattered in the middle part of the nucleus. The densities of nerve terminals immunoreactive to neuropeptide tyrosine, mENK8, SP or noradrenaline are high throughout the POMe, while nerve terminals immunoreactive to CCK8, LHRH, NT, SRIF or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are moderate and those immunoreactive to calcitonin gene-related peptide, serotonin or dopamine are sparse. This varied distributional pattern of immunoreactive nerve cells and terminals suggests regional differences in function within the POMe.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical observation of polypeptides and monoamines in the nucleus preopticus medianus of the rat. 275 94

Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) was examined in the rat retina by radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry during prenatal and postnatal development. NPY-LI appears late in gestation (embryonic day [E18]), at which time it is present in small quantities (0.038 +/- 0.005 pm/mg protein) and the NPY-LI is confined to cells in the ganglion cell layer. The concentration of NPY-LI rises steadily over pre- and postnatal development; and on postnatal day 6 (P6), immunoreactive cells first appear in the inner nuclear layer. At eye opening (P13), there is a large increase in NPY-LI (0.207 +/- 0.035 pm/mg protein), and immunoreactive cells can be seen in the innermost row of the inner nuclear layer (INL) as well as in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). As the retina matures, the levels of NPY-LI fall to adult levels (0.080 +/- 0.019 pm/mg protein) and the peptide is confined to two subpopulations of cells, one in the INL and one in the GCL. The transient increase in NPY-LI at eye opening suggests that it may have a role at this time in modulating developing retinal circuitry. This pattern is very different from that of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity which appears earlier in development in high quantities and decreases prior to synaptogenesis and eye opening.
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PMID:Development of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons in the rat retina. 275 74

Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) was enriched in synaptosomal fractions of neocortex, which on lysis yielded vesicle-rich fractions. The distribution of NPY-LI on a sucrose density gradient was similar to that of somatostatin, with a concentration in heavy vesicles. The peptides were not found in light vesicles in contrast to the distribution of noradrenaline. Both homogenate and vesicular NPY-LI coeluted with synthetic NPY on reverse-phase HPLC.
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PMID:Subcellular distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in guinea pig neocortex. 286 Sep 47

Morphological changes in neocortical somatostatin- and neuropeptide-Y-immunoreactive cells in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) were studied using light-microscopic immunohistochemical methods. The density of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in the neocortex did not decrease in cases of SDAT compared with aged normal subjects. However, many somatostatin-positive fibers were abnormally swollen and bulbous in shape and they were often observed within senile plaques. The morphology of these swollen and bulbous fibers was similar to that of the swollen neurites present in senile plaques demonstrated by the silver-impregnation method. Similar fiber abnormalities were observed in sections stained with antibodies to neuropeptide Y. Somatostatin-positive cells in aged normal subjects were distributed from layer II through to the subcortical white matter. These cells were multipolar, bitufted, or pyramidal in shape, with the majority of cells being of the multipolar type. Neuropeptide Y-positive cells also were distributed from layer II through to the subcortical white matter. Most of these cells were multipolar, but a few bipolar cells were also observed. We suggest that a primary degenerative process might begin at the fiber terminals of the somatostatin neuronal system in the neocortex in SDAT.
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PMID:Somatostatin- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons in the neocortex in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. 287 90

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) reduced the resting tension of the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation (MP-LM) of the guinea-pig ileum (GPI). NPY in a dose-dependent manner also reduced the neurally-mediated excitatory effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8) sulfated form on this preparation. However, NPY, at the concentration used in the study, did not modify the effect of exogenous acetylcholine (ACh). All these features were also shared by other inhibitory peptides, like somatostatin (SOM) and the enkephalin derivative FK 33-824. The preparation developed a degree of tachyphylaxis to the inhibitory effect of NPY more rapidly than it did to SOM. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of neuropeptide Y was of longer duration than the one seen for somatostatin. A faster metabolic rate might account for the lower development of tachyphylaxis to somatostatin. The presence of the opioid antagonist naloxone did not alter the inhibitory features of NPY or SOM. Therefore, the involvement of any endogenous opioid in the action of these two inhibitory peptides can be disregarded.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y is an inhibitor of neural function in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum. 287 16


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