Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Various peptide immunoreactivities in the respiratory system have been reported, indicating complex physiological mechanisms. There is only little information on the upper respiratory system of man. The present study was carried out to demonstrate regulatory peptides in the nasal mucosa, larynx (vocal cords and ventricular folds) and soft palate of man using highly efficient immunocytochemical methods. In addition, some peptide immunoreactivities were measured by use of radioimmunoassay (RIA). Using indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold-silver staining (IGSS) with silver acetate autometallography, a series of peptides could be detected, including vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine methionine (PHM), galanin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P, neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), C-flanking peptide of NPY (CPON) and somatostatin. In addition, antibodies to protein gene-product (PGP) 9.5, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S-100, PHE-5 and neurofilament proteins gave positive reactions in tissue sections. Using RIA, CGRP, substance P, and neurokinin A were measured. Our results demonstrate a complex network of regulatory peptide-containing nerve fibers and the possible existence of endocrine cells regulating various functions of the upper respiratory system, which need to be further investigated.
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PMID:Regulatory peptides and general neuroendocrine markers in human nasal mucosa, soft palate and larynx. 171 32

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a unique 36 amino acid peptide with strong sequence homology to pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY. In the rat pancreas, NPY-positive fibers have been demonstrated in close association with exocrine structures, suggesting a regulatory role for the peptide. In conscious rats with pancreatic ductal cannulas, amylase output stimulated by cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8: 0.2 microgram kg - 1 h -1) was dose-dependently inhibited by intravenous NPY infusion (20, 40, and 80 micrograms kg-1 h-1). Inhibitory effects were rapid in onset but reversed with cessation of NPY infusion. With continuous NPY infusion (40 microgram kg-1 h-1), prolonged inhibition of amylase output by the vagal stimulant 2-deoxyglucose (100 mg kg-1) was observed (greater than 50% inhibition in each of none consecutive 10-min periods). In contrast, NPY infusion in doses of 20, 40, or 80 micrograms kg-1 h-1 produced no alteration in immunoreactive somatostatin levels. In vitro, NPY incubation (10(-13)-10(-8) M) produced no change in basal amylase release from dispersed, purified acinar cells. In addition, co-incubation of NPY (10(-8)-10(-6) M) with CCK-8 (10(-13)-10(-8) M) produced no inhibition of CCK-stimulated amylase release from dispersed acini. In contrast, NPY (10(-6) M) produced significant inhibition of amylase release from pancreatic lobules that had been stimulated by 75 mM potassium (135 +/- 11% versus 177 +/- 18% of basal level) or by 25 microM veratridine (196 +/- 19% versus 398 +/- 152%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Inhibition of rat pancreatic exocrine secretion by neuropeptide Y: studies in vivo and in vitro. 171 87

Several neurologic illnesses in which excitotoxic mechanisms may play a role increase in prevalence with age. In the present study we examined the susceptibility of rats to quinolinic acid striatal lesions at 1, 4 and 20 months of age, and susceptibility to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) at 1 and 4 months of age. The extent of the lesions was quantitated with measurements of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The lesions in the 4- and 20-month-old age groups showed significantly smaller depletions of SPLI and GABA than those in 1-month-old animals. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPYLI) and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) were unchanged in the lesioned striata. NMDA lesions were also attenuated in 4-month- and 12-month-old animals as compared with 1-month-old animals. Uric acid concentrations showed marked dose-dependent increases in the lesioned striatum, and to a lesser extent in the overlying cerebral cortex, in all 3 age groups. There were no changes of SLI, NPYLI or SPLI with aging in the cerebral cortex or hippocampus. Kynurenine and kynurenic acid concentrations showed significant increases with aging in frontal cortex. The present results show a reduced susceptibility of animals to striatal quinolinic acid and NMDA lesions with normal aging. The delayed onset of several neurodegenerative illnesses is therefore unlikely to be due to an increasing susceptibility to excitotoxin lesions with aging.
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PMID:Effects of aging on quinolinic acid lesions in rat striatum. 183 50

The question whether during the process of cholinergic degeneration somatostatin- and/or neuropeptide Y-containing neurons in rat hippocampus and cortex react to the withdrawal of cholinergic function was addressed. After bilateral intracerebroventricular injection of the cholinotoxin ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A; 1 or 2 nmol/ventricle) in rats, the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) started to decline in the hippocampus within 24 h. The reduction of ChAT activity reached its maximum within 4 days (34 and 55% after 1 and 2 nmol of AF64A/ventricle, respectively) and persisted during the observation period of 14 days. In the parietal cortex, ChAT activity decreased by 23% 4 days after 2 nmol of AF64A/ventricle. The loss in ChAT activity was accompanied by a transient decline in the levels of somatostatin and a transient increase in the levels of neuropeptide Y in both brain areas. In the hippocampus, the reduction in somatostatin content was most pronounced after 2 days (by 22 and 33% after 1 and 2 nmol of AF64A/ventricle, respectively). Within 14 days, somatostatin levels returned to control values. Neuropeptide Y levels increased slightly by approximately 25% of control values in the hippocampus. The changes described were present in both the dorsal and ventral subfields of the hippocampus. Similar but less pronounced changes in levels of both neuropeptides were observed in the parietal cortex. The present data provide further evidence for a close neuronal interrelationship between cholinergic and somatostatin- and/or neuropeptide Y-containing neurons in rat hippocampus and parietal cortex.
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PMID:Cholinergic deficit induced by ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A) transiently affects somatostatin and neuropeptide Y levels in rat brain. 196 35

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide found in a variety of hypothalamic loci which is frequently colocalized with catecholamines. It is also secreted into hypophyseal portal vessels. The injection of NPY into the third ventricle (3V) lowered plasma GH levels in conscious, freely moving male rats. To determine the physiological significance of the hypothalamic inhibitory action of the peptide, highly specific antiserum directed against NPY was injected into the 3V of conscious rats. 3V injection of the antiserum evoked a significant elevation of plasma GH within 2 h on comparison to values in normal rabbit serum-injected, ovariectomized rats. The difference increased and reached a maximum at 6 h after injection. On the other hand, there was no effect of the antiserum in ovariectomized, estrogen, progesterone-blocked rats. Intraventricular injection of the anti-NPY serum also caused a significant elevation of plasma GH within 2 h in normal male rats and the increases above values in normal rat serum-injected control animals became even more significant at 3 and 4 h. To determine the mechanism by which NPY lowers GH after its intraventricular injection, its effect on the release of somatostatin (SRIF) from median eminence fragments incubated in vitro was examined. NPY stimulated SRIF release with a highly significant effect at a concentration of 10(-9) M. Borderline stimulation was observed at doses as low as 10(-11) M. The curve was bell-shaped with a declining release at 10(-8) M and 10(-7) M. The releasing action of NPY was blocked by either the alpha 1-receptor blocker, prazosin (10(-6) M), or the beta-receptor blocker, propranolol (10(-6) M), but was not affected by the alpha 2-receptor blocker, yohimbine (10(-6) M). We conclude that NPY has a physiologically significant inhibitory action within the hypothalamus to suppress GH release in ovariectomized female and intact male rats by stimulation of SRIF release by alpha 1 and beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated mechanisms.
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PMID:Physiologically significant effect of neuropeptide Y to suppress growth hormone release by stimulating somatostatin discharge. 197 Feb 90

Bronchial reactivity changes during childhood, indicating possible changes in neural control. Nerves supplying the intrapulmonary airways were therefore studied in autopsy tissue from 14 normal infants (0 to 3.5 yr), 3 children (8.3 to 10.75 yr), and 4 adults (17 to 24 yr). An indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to study the distribution and relative number of nerve fibers containing the general neuronal markers protein gene product 9.5 and synaptophysin. Nerve subpopulations were identified using antisera to neuropeptide tyrosine, vasoactive intestine polypeptide, somatostatin, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. Between birth and 3 yr, the distribution and relative number of immunoreactive nerves shown by both the general neuronal markers and specific antisera did not change. Neuropeptide tyrosine-immunoreactive nerves were the most common peptide-containing nerve subpopulation identified in the human lung, supplying bronchial smooth muscle, submucosal glands, cartilage, and submucosa. Other peptide-containing nerves exhibited distinct distribution patterns. Two differences in the airway innervation were identified between cases aged 0 to 3.5 yr and the older age groups. Relatively fewer peptide-containing nerves occurred in the adult bronchioli and respiratory unit, but the relative number of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerves supplying the bronchial and bronchiolar smooth muscle was greater in the two older age groups. Given these apparent age-related differences in the number of peptide-containing nerves supplying the human airway, studies on the development of peptide receptors are indicated.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of peptide-containing nerves in human airways: age-related changes. 197 91

Neuropeptide Y is found in brain tissue. In dogs it has been shown to enhance activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by corticotropin-releasing hormone. It is localized in certain catecholamine neurons and to some extent colocalized with somatostatin. Disturbances of the central noradrenergic system may underlie some forms of alcoholism. Therefore, we compared male alcoholics and normal controls on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of neuropeptide Y. There was no significant difference between the two groups for neuropeptide Y. There was also no significant difference for CSF levels of growth hormone releasing hormone. However, there were significant positive correlations between CSF levels of neuropeptide Y and CSF levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, and growth hormone releasing hormone.
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PMID:CSF neuropeptide Y in alcoholics and normal controls. 197 53

Dissociated cell culture preparations were employed to study intracardiac neurones of the atria from human fetal hearts at 9 to 21 weeks' gestation. Intracardiac neurones were not observed in cultures dissociated from the ventricles. Single neurones, as well as groups, could be identified by phase-contrast microscopy in all of the atrial cultures prepared from 14 to 21 weeks' gestation, and protein gene product 9.5-like immunoreactive neurones were detected in cultures from as early as 10 weeks' gestation. The neurones were mononucleate, with a prominent nucleolus or multiple nucleoli, and often had extensive neurites. Neurones tended to be bigger in cultures from later stages in gestation, and these cells appeared to be more mature with a complex pattern of neurite outgrowth. Many neurones from 15 to 20 weeks' gestation expressed somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in culture. A very low proportion of cultured neurones was immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y and its C-terminal flanking peptide. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive neurones also contained 5-hydroxy-tryptamine-like immunoreactivity in culture, but dopamine beta-hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurones were not detected. This study is the first description of human intracardiac neurones in culture and forms the essential baseline for further direct investigation of these cells.
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PMID:The intracardiac neurones of the fetal human heart in culture. 197 9

The effects of transient (30') forebrain ischemia (4 vessel occlusion model) on peptidergic neurons and astroglial cells in various diencephalic and telencephalic areas have been analyzed. The study was performed at various time intervals of reperfusion, i.e. 4 h, 1, 7 and 40 days. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SRIF), cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) immunoreactive (IR) neuronal systems and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-IR glial cells have been visualized by means of the indirect immunoperoxidase procedure using the avidin-biotin technique. The analysis was performed by means of computer assisted microdensitometry and manual cell counting. At the hippocampal level a huge reduction of neuropeptide (CCK, SRIF, VIP) IR cell bodies was observed, still present 40 days after reperfusion. On the contrary, in the frontoparietal cortex the number of the neuropeptide (CCK, SRIF, VIP, NPY) IR neurons showed a decrease at 4 h, 1 and 7 days after reperfusion followed by a complete recovery at 40 days. A rapid reduction followed by an almost complete recovery (7 days after reperfusion) was also observed at striatal level where SRIF- and NPY-IR neurons were detected. A marked decrease of NPY-IR terminals was observed in the paraventricular and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei and in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus. AVP-IR was markedly reduced in the magnocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus throughout the analyzed period (7 days after reperfusion). GFAP-IR was increased in the hippocampal formation and neostriatum while a not consistent increase was observed at neocortical level. These data point to a differential recovery of peptide-IR and to a different astroglial response in the various brain areas after transient forebrain ischemia. Region-specific factors rather than factors related to neuronal chemical coding seems to play a major role in determining the vulnerability of neuronal populations to transient ischemia.
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PMID:Effects of transient forebrain ischemia on peptidergic neurons and astroglial cells: evidence for recovery of peptide immunoreactivities in neocortex and striatum but not hippocampal formation. 197 43

The myenteric plexus of the stomach, midgut and hindgut of the red-eared turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, has been investigated for the occurrence of immunoreactivity to nine neuropeptides. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, bombesin (BOM)- as well as substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity (LI) were found in nerve fibres of all investigated gut regions. From all peptides investigated immunoreactivity for NPY was more pronounced. In the stomach NPY-LI was mainly found in the perikarya, while in the midgut region both NPY-immunoreactive (IR) somata and nerve fibres were revealed. The hindgut harboured few NPY-IR nerve cells and nerve fibres. A few SP-IR nerve cell bodies were observed in the stomach and midgut region. In the hindgut BOM-IR neuronal cell bodies were found. Neuromedin U (NMU)-LI was mainly observed in the stomach region, revealing both immunoreactive perikarya and nerve fibres. Immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, galanin and enkephalin could not be detected so far. Double labelling experiments revealed the coexistence of CGRP and SP in some nerve fibres in all three gut regions examined. Some SP-IR fibres in the midgut were immunoreactive for NMU.
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PMID:The innervation of the gastrointestinal tract of a chelonian reptile, Pseudemys scripta elegans. II. Distribution of neuropeptides in the myenteric plexus. 202 91


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