Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Histochemical methods have been used to study the distribution of putative neurotransmitters in the urinary bladder of newborn guinea-pigs and in cultures of intramural ganglia. Following the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-diaphorase reaction which specifically labels nerve cell bodies, up to 66 ganglia were observed in stretch preparations of the newborn urinary bladder. Each ganglion contained 2-50 nerve cell bodies. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was localized in a few nerve cell bodies of intramural ganglia both in in situ and culture preparations. In the in situ preparations it was widely distributed in nerve fibres to the muscle, being most dense at the base of the bladder, and in some mucosal epithelial cells. Somatostatin was contained in numerous neuronal cell bodies in the detrusor muscle both in situ and in culture. Extensively distributed varicose fibres were found in culture and in the muscle, submucous and mucosal layers in situ. Substance P immunofluorescence was demonstrated in a few neuronal cell bodies in ganglia both in situ and in vitro, particularly in those of the mucosa at the base of the bladder. In the in situ preparations varicose nerve fibres containing substance P were seen in the muscle coats with greatest density in the bladder base. Met-enkephalin-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were not seen either in situ or in culture. Nerve fibres in in situ preparations were found largely enveloping neuronal cell bodies within the ganglia. Neither serotonin-immunoreactive nor catecholamine-containing neuronal cell bodies were seen in the in situ bladder preparation. However, some nerve cell bodies in culture showed positive staining, possibly as a result of selective uptake of serotonin and catecholamine known to be contained in foetal calf serum in the culture medium or possibly as the result of increased synthetic activity in certain neurones in the culture situation. In whole-mount stretch preparations, no serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibres were seen, but catecholamine-containing small intensely fluorescent cells and nerve fibres were observed. Acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres were observed both in in situ and culture preparations of the bladder. Quinacrine-positive nerve cell bodies (as an indicator of purinergic neurones) were found in numerous intramural neurones examined. in situ; however, under the culture conditions used, non-selective staining of all cell types occurred.
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PMID:Intramural neurons of the guinea-pig urinary bladder: histochemical localization of putative neurotransmitters in cultures and newborn animals. 242 42

The influence of beta-endorphin, somatostatin, substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was tested on the proliferative response to mercuric chloride of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes, cultured for 5 days. When beta-endorphin, 10(-8) M, was added 1 h after mercuric chloride, there was an enhancement of the response, while a slight suppression was obtained with a 10(-6) M concentration of SP and VIP. When beta-endorphin, 10(-7)-10(-9) M, somatostatin, 10(-6)-10(-9) M, and SP, 10(-11)-10(-12) M, were added 3 days after mercuric chloride, they enhanced the response. At 10(-6) M, SP gave a suppressive effect.
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PMID:Influence of beta-endorphin, somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide on the proliferative response of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes to mercuric chloride. 242 44

Conditions are described for performing mitogen (Concanavalin A, Con A; lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) cultures using serum-free medium. The effects of exogenously adding several gastrointestinal regulatory peptides (beta-endorphin, substance P, met-enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, bombesin and somatostatin) on the incorporation of 3H-methyl-thymidine was determined. It was observed that mitogen stimulation of lymph node cells with Con A was inhibited (70% of control) by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) but spleen cells stimulated by LPS were insensitive to immunomodulation (98% of control). The ability of VIP to inhibit Con A induced thymidine incorporation was concentration dependent (10(-6) to 10(-18) M) and was not attributable to kinetic shifts or cell toxicity. None of the other tested neuropeptides affected Con A or LPS induced blastogenesis. MLR cultures were inhibited by VIP, beta-endorphin and somatostatin in a biphasic manner with maximal inhibition observed at 10(-8) to 10(-12) M. Both substance P and bombesin exhibited slight immunoenhancing properties at 10(-14) to 10(-18) M. Met-enkephalin was ineffective as an immunomodulator of MLR cultures. The utility of using serum-free medium in identifying neuropeptides with immunomodulatory properties are discussed.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal regulatory peptides modulate mouse lymphocyte functions under serum-free conditions in vitro. 242 44

The influence of beta-endorphin, somatostatin, substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was tested on the proliferative response of peripheral blood T lymphocytes of nickel-allergic subjects to nickel sulfate. With somatostatin, 10(-6)-10(-10) M, SP, 10(-9) and VIP, 10(-7)-10(-8) M, added 1 h after nickel sulfate, there was an enhancement of the response, while a slight suppression was obtained with SP, 10(-6) M. At 3 days after nickel sulfate, beta-endorphin, 10(-6)-10(-12) M, somatostatin, 10(-7)-10(-9) M and SP, 10(-7)-10(-11) M, gave an enhancement of the response.
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PMID:Modulating effect of beta-endorphin, somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide on the proliferative response of peripheral blood T lymphocytes of nickel-allergic patients to nickel sulfate. 243 Aug 96

The strength of action of the parasympathetic innervation of the heart was tested, in anaesthetized dogs, by regular delivery of bursts of supramaximal electrical pulses at low frequency to the cut, cardiac end of the vagus nerve. Periods of 'conditioning' stimulation of the same nerve at relatively high frequencies (15-30 Hz, for 15-300 s) were found to cause a slowly developing potentiation (up to 280% increase in the vagally induced prolongation of pulse interval) of the cardiac action of the low-frequency stimulation. This potentiation lasted for periods of up to 30 min after the conditioning period. Similar potentiation could be elicited for the action of one vagus nerve by conditioning the vagus on the other side. Potentiation of vagal action was not associated with an enhancement of the response of the heart to injected methacholine. Several neuropeptides, reported to be present in cardiac autonomic nerves, were tested for ability to mimic this effect when administered by intravenous injection. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neurotensin, somatostatin and substance P all failed to do so at the doses tested. Vasopressin did induce an enhancement of cardiac vagal efficacy, but effective pharmacological blockade of its action did not block the potentiation caused by conditioning stimulation. In the absence of any evidence of neuromodulation of vagal action by these neuropeptides, it was presumed that the effect could be attributed to a classical homosynaptic post-tetanic potentiation mechanism involving intracellular accumulation of calcium ions in prejunctional nerve terminals.
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PMID:Effects of periods of conditioning stimulation and of neuropeptides on vagal action at the heart. 243 Oct 28

The projections of nerve fibres with immunoreactivity for the peptides enkephalin (ENK), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were studied in canine small intestine by analysing the consequences of lesions of intrinsic and extrinsic nerves. Of peptides present in fibres supplying myenteric ganglia, GRP, SOM and VIP were in anally directed nerve pathways, whereas ENK and NPY were in orally directed pathways. Pathways ran for up to about 30 mm. SP fibres ran for short distances in both directions in the myenteric plexus. The circular muscle was supplied with ENK, NPY, SP and VIP fibres arising from the myenteric ganglia, whereas most mucosal SP and VIP fibres were deduced to arise from submucous ganglia. There were projections of fibres reactive for ENK, GRP, SOM, SP and VIP from myenteric ganglia to submucous ganglia. Antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase were used to locate noradrenaline nerve fibres supplying the intestine; these fibres all disappeared when extrinsic nerves running through the mesentery to the small intestine were cut. It is deduced that there is an ordered pattern of projections of peptide-containing fibres in the canine intestine.
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PMID:The projections of chemically identified nerve fibres in canine ileum. 243 35

The contribution of the myenteric plexus in the mechanical responses of rat jejunal longitudinal muscle produced by several enteric nerve substances was evaluated. The myenteric plexus of a segment of rat jejunum was destroyed by serosal application of benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Fifteen days after BAC treatment, both the BAC-treated and an orad control jejunal segment were removed and the mechanical responses of the longitudinal muscle produced by the following substances were examined: substance P, acetylcholine (ACh), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), norepinephrine, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), bombesin, [Leu5]enkephalin and somatostatin. Our results indicate that: substance P and norepinephrine produce their mechanical responses by acting predominantly on the longitudinal smooth muscle; 5-HT, CCK-8, ATP, VIP and neurotensin act predominantly through the myenteric plexus; ACh possesses both direct and indirect actions; and because the responses to [Leu5]enkephalin, bombesin and somatostatin were equivocal, a conclusion as to their site of action could not be made with this preparation.
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PMID:Differentiation between myenteric plexus and longitudinal muscle of the rat jejunum as the site of action of putative enteric neurotransmitters. 243 41

The distribution patterns of peptide-containing neurons and endocrine cells were mapped in sections of oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine of the rabbit, by use of standard immunohistochemical techniques. Whole mounts of separated layers of ileum were similarly examined. Antibodies raised against vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), neuropeptide Y (NPY), enkephalins (ENK) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) were used, and for each of these antisera distinct populations of immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres were observed. Endocrine cells were labelled by the SP, SOM or NPY antisera in some regions. VIP-IR nerve fibres were common in each layer throughout the gastrointestinal tract. With the exception of the oesophagus, GRP-IR nerve fibres also occurred in each layer of the gastrointestinal tract; they formed a particularly rich network in the mucosa of the stomach and small intestine. Fewer nerve fibres containing NPY-IR or SOM-IR were seen in all areas. SOM-IR nerve fibres were very scarce in the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of each area and were absent from the gastric mucosa. The SP-IR innervation of the external musculature and ganglionated plexuses in most regions was rather extensive, whereas the mucosa was only very sparsely innervated. ENK-IR nerve fibres were extremely rare or absent from the mucosa of all areas, although immunoreactive nerve fibres were found in other layers. These studies illustrate the differences in distribution patterns of peptide-containing nerve fibres and endocrine cells along the gastrointestinal tract of the rabbit and also show that there are some marked differences in these patterns, in comparison with other mammalian species.
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PMID:Distribution of peptide-containing neurons and endocrine cells in the rabbit gastrointestinal tract, with particular reference to the mucosa. 244 May 81

The content and distribution of substance P (SP), somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in human skin were investigated. Radioimmunoassay was performed on pooled tissue samples from several regions (fingers, toes, axillas and thighs) and on tissue fluid from spontaneous blisters on inflamed skin. Immunocytochemical localization showed all peptides examined except somatostatin to be present in nerve fibers. Nerve fibers storing SP and CGRP, which were found to coexist, were mostly present as free nerve endings in the superficial part of dermis and in epidermis. SP/CGRP fibers were most abundant in fingers and toes. VIP fibers and NPY fibers were localized in the deeper parts of dermis around blood vessels and acini of sweat glands. Also fibers containing these neuropeptides were most common in fingertips and toes. VIP occurred in relatively high amounts also in skin from axilla whereas NPY in this region was below detection limit. Immunoreactive somatostatin was found in low concentrations in tissue extracts and was not present in amounts sufficient for reliable immunostaining. Fluid from spontaneous blisters on inflamed skin contained detectable amounts of all neuropeptides.
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PMID:Occurrence and distribution of neuropeptides in the human skin. An immunocytochemical and immunochemical study on normal skin and blister fluid from inflamed skin. 244 29

We have examined immunohistochemically the distribution of postganglionic nerve cell bodies and their preganglionic inputs in the vagus nerve of the toad, Bufo marinus. Nerve cell bodies containing immunoreactivity (IR) to somatostatin (SOM) were found at the origin of the oesophago-gastric ramus; these neurons projected to the lung. Cell bodies with SOM-IR also occurred in the intracardiac branches of the vagus, but were absent from the distal segments of the pulmonary and oesophageal rami of the vagus. Cell bodies with IR to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) also occurred at the origin of the oesophago-gastric ramus, but most of these neurons projected to the oesophagus. Most neurons in the distal pulmonary and oesophageal rami were VIP-IR. Some nerve cell bodies in the vagosympathetic trunk and in the intracardiac rami contained both SOM-IR and VIP-IR. Vagal preganglionic nerve fibres with IR both to a somatostatin-like peptide and to substance P were associated exclusively with those postganglionic VIP-IR neurons that projected to the oesophagus. These results provide evidence for highly specific connections between immunohistochemically defined populations of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the vagus nerve.
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PMID:Pathway-specific connections between peptide-containing preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the vagus nerve of the toad (Bufo marinus). 244 48


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