Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The levels of 10 regulatory peptides in acid-alcohol extracts of three regions of the small intestine (0-20%, 30-60%, and 70-100%, with respect to distance from the pylorus) have been monitored radioimmunometrically in sham-infected male (6-8 week old) C57 mice and mice given a 5-cysticercoid infection of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and autopsied 10 days postprimary infection and 5 days postsecondary infection (administered 28 days postprimary infection). The regulatory peptides examined were gastrin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), glucagon (= enteroglucagon), motilin, neurotensin (NT), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), somatostatin (SRIF), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Statistical analyses revealed significant deviations from control values of five of the peptides (enteroglucagon and SP, both elevated; NT, PHI and VIP, all lowered) in intestinal tissue from infected mice; measurement of the same peptides in colonic extracts revealed no significant differences between infected and sham-infected mice. Parallel changes in peptide levels between normal infected and immunosuppressed infected mice were not evident, although elevations in the tissue levels of enteroglucagon and SP were found in infected Wistar rats (normal host). Results are discussed with respect to a peptidergic involvement in the pathology and host immune response to an intestinal tapeworm.
 ...
PMID:Hymenolepis diminuta: changes in the levels of certain intestinal regulatory peptides in infected C57 mice. 171 77

Direct regulatory control of the immune system by the central nervous system has been postulated. In support of this view is a large body of literature describing immunoregulatory activities of neuropeptides isolated from the gastrointestinal tract. In this review we examine the evidence for expression of specific receptors for gut peptides on immune effector cells and further explore the regulatory effects of these peptides on immune function. Peptides to be discussed include substance P, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), the opioid peptides leu and met enkephalin, calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y, and cholecystokinin (CCK).
 ...
PMID:Modulation of immune function by intestinal neuropeptides. 171 37

Seventy patients aged from one month to 18 years with seizure disorders were classified into three groups: I. Patients who had hard control seizure attacks even under medication; II. those who had occasional seizure attacks (less than 6 times per year) and III. those who had no seizure attacks after receiving medication for at least one year. Blood samples were taken for somatostatin, substance P, prolactin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) assays. Lumbar puncture was made in 32 children and CSF samples were also assayed for neuropeptides. Somatostatin levels in serum were significantly elevated in group I and group II (P = 0.05, ANOVA) but not in group III and control group. Similar observations were made in substance P, prolactin and VIP studies. In CSF, the somatostation can better indicate the difference between epileptic and normal children (comparison with group I, P greater than 0.001; with group II, P less than 0.001; even with those who were seizure free after medication, P less than 0.05). In conclusion, the levels of several neuropeptides (somatostatin, substance P. prolactin, VIP) were elevated in children with seizure disorders both in serum and CSF. The present investigation provides a new category for the understanding of the pathogenesis, treatment as well as prognosis of seizure disorders.
 ...
PMID:Somatostatin, substance P, prolactin and vasoactive intestinal peptide levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of children with seizure disorders. 171 68

In GH(1)2C1 rat pituitary cells treated with 5-azacytidine, the stimulatory effects exerted by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), the GTP analogue guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate, cholera toxin and pertussis toxin on the membrane-bound adenylyl cyclase were almost completely abolished. The corresponding inhibitory effect of somatostatin was increased. Alterations in adenylyl cyclase responsiveness began at the end of the drug treatment, and were most pronounced on day 5 after removal of 5-azacytidine. The cells subsequently and completely recovered after 10 days in the absence of the drug. Measurements of cholera toxin- and VIP-enhanced cyclic AMP levels in intact cells confirmed these results, and VIP appeared to have no stimulatory effect on GH secretion after 5-azacytidine treatment. Down-regulation of G alpha s RNA also occurred on day 5 after cessation of drug treatment. ADP-ribosylation subsequent to stimulation with pertussis toxin was markedly increased, indicating an enhancement of G alpha i and/or G alpha o. Furthermore, both basal and Gpp(NH)p-stimulated phospholipase C activities were augmented by pre-exposure to 5-azacytidine. Treatment of GH(1)2C1 rat pituitary tumour cells with 5-azacytidine therefore causes a marked but temporary increase in the ratio of G alpha i/G alpha s protein levels.
 ...
PMID:Signal transduction alterations in GH(1)2C1 rat pituitary tumour cells following treatment with 5-azacytidine. 171 9

The serous lingual glands of von Ebner secrete lingual lipase, an enzyme that begins fat digestion in the stomach. The objective of this study was to characterize the neuromodulators in the rat tongue and von Ebner glands using immunocytochemical techniques. Rat lingual tissues were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 4 microns for light microscopic studies. Immunocytochemical localization of neuromodulators was performed with monospecific anti-rat neuromodulator IgG or control (preimmune) IgG as the primary antibody, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. No staining was seen with control anti-rat IgG. Immunospecific staining for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) was observed in nerves in the tongue, and cells containing immunospecific staining for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) were seen in the stroma between the lingual glands. Selected cells in the serous glands stained positively for the presence of substance P and somatostatin. Adrenergic, VIP-containing and cholinergic nerves appear to innervate the tongue and serous glands. Substance P and somatostatin were identified in cells of the lingual serous glands and may be additional local modulators regulating lingual lipase release.
 ...
PMID:Neuromodulators of the lingual von Ebner gland: an immunocytochemical study. 171 11

The interactions between vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), a somatostatin analog (SMS 201-995) and dexamethasone have been investigated on the Con A mitogenic response of rabbit spleen cells. The neuropeptide regulatory effects appeared to be time dependent: when added with the Con A mitogen, they inhibited (VIP) or did not modulate (SMS and SP) the rabbit lymphocyte proliferation and did not change the inhibitory effect induced by a dexamethasone preincubation. When added 18 h before the mitogen, they all induced an increase of the proliferative response at high concentration. The mitogenic response observed when adding dexamethasone to lymphocytes previously preincubated in the presence of neuropeptides was not different from control response except with SMS 10(-10) M. The similar lymphocyte responses obtained whatever the neuropeptide suggested that the immunomodulatory effect induced by a neuropeptide preincubation might be mediated by the induction of common effector(s).
 ...
PMID:Interactions between neuropeptides and dexamethasone on the mitogenic response of rabbit spleen lymphocytes. 171 58

The pelvic ganglia supply cholinergic and noradrenergic nerve pathways to many organs. Other possible transmitters are also present in these nerves, including peptides. Multiple labelling immunofluorescence techniques were used in this study of the male rat major pelvic ganglion (MPG) to examine: (1) the peptides present in noradrenergic (tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive) and non-noradrenergic (putative cholinergic) neurons, and (2) the types of peptide-containing nerve fibres closely associated with these two groups of neurons. The distribution of the peptide galanin (GAL) within the MPG was also investigated. All of the TH-neurons contained neuropeptide Y (NPY), but none of the other tested peptides. However, many NPY neurons did not contain TH and may have been cholinergic. TH-negative neurons also displayed vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), enkephalin (ENK) or GAL. VIP and NPY formed the most common types of putative cholinergic pelvic neurons, but few cells contained both peptides. Many ENK neurons exhibited VIP, NPY or GAL. Varicose nerve terminals surrounding ganglion cells contained ENK, GAL, somatostatin (SOM) and cholecystokinin (CCK). These peptide-immunoreactive fibres were more often associated with the non-noradrenergic (putative cholinergic) than the noradrenergic neurons; two types (SOM and CCK) were preferentially associated with the non-noradrenergic NPY neurons. GAL was distributed throughout the MPG, in small neurons, scattered small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, and both varicose and non-varicose nerve fibres. The nerve fibres were concentrated near the pelvic and penile nerves; most of the varicose fibres formed "baskets" surrounding individual GAL-negative somata.
 ...
PMID:Patterns of co-existence of peptides and differences of nerve fibre types associated with noradrenergic and non-noradrenergic (putative cholinergic) neurons in the major pelvic ganglion of the male rat. 172 33

Serotonin-producing pancreatic endocrine tumours are rare neoplasms which in most cases exhibit malignant biological behaviour. These tumours, in the majority of the well-documented cases, are composed of argyrophil- and argentaffin-positive cells which contain large pleomorphic neurosecretory granules. In contrast, argyrophilic non-argentaffin pancreatic endocrine tumours with tumour cells containing round neurosecretory granules are exceptional. In this study we describe such a tumour not associated with clinical evidence of carcinoid syndrome in a 60-year-old woman. Histological examination revealed tumour extension in pancreatic lymphatic vessels and veins but no evidence of locoregional or distant metastases. Ten months after surgery the patient showed no recurrence of the disease. Immunohistochemistry revealed cytoplasmic serotonin production in the tumour cells which were negative for anti-gastrin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and ACTH. This study emphasizes the usefulness of combined ultrastructural and immunohistochemical investigations in order to identify and characterize the rare pancreatic endocrine tumours with serotonin production.
 ...
PMID:Serotonin-producing pancreatic endocrine tumour. Histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of a case. 196 80

Neuroblasts obtained from 17 day old rat embryos were incubated for 8 days, after which half of them were treated with 10(-6) M FACE (a mixture of amino acids high in glycine, alanine and aspartic acid), and the other half were left as controls. At the end of 20 days, levels of somatostatin (SRIF) were over 6,000 pg/plate in neuroblasts treated with FACE, versus 500 pg/plate in controls. At this time vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) levels were over 230 pg/plate in the FACE treated cultures, while their controls contained less than 150 pp/plate. Protein totals were similar (about 1,000 micrograms/plate) in all FACE treated cultures and controls, indicating that increases in SRIF and VIP were not determined by changes in cell population, but by their synthetic and/or secretory activities triggered by minute amounts of FACE. These results may be of interest in the understanding of Alzheimer's disease.
 ...
PMID:Secretions of somatostatin and VIP in cultures of fetal rat neuroblasts increased by amino acids. 196 11

Neuroendocrine features of 30 surgically removed adrenal pheochromocytomas were evaluated combining conventional histochemistry and immunocytology. The reactivity for neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S-100 protein, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin and ACTH was tested according to the peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) method using polyclonal antibodies. The neuroendocrine marker NSE was found in all cases. S-100 protein was present in satellite cells in 11 (36.6%) tumors. Rare immunoreactive cells for somatostatin were found in 16 (53.3%), for VIP in 8 (26.6%), for calcitonin in 7 (23%), and for ACTH in 3 (10%) cases. Our results proved the histological and functional heterogeneity of pheochromocytomas. The multiple synthetic activity is their inherent feature as in other neuroendocrine tumors.
 ...
PMID:Neuroendocrine features of adrenal pheochromocytomas: histological and immunocytochemical evaluation. 197 29


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>