Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The vicinity of several hormone-producing glands as part of the anatomy of the intestinal tract and the resulting interaction has been confirmed by the discovery of hormonal factors of a specifically gastro-intestinal origin. Today we are mainly interested in the interaction between intermediary metabolism and incretory intestinal function; this is characterized by the joint action of conventional glandular hormones such as insulin and pancreatic glucagon as well as by the incretion of diffuse intestinal organs, hormones such as secretin, pancreozymin, motilin, VIP and GIP. The latter are at present subject of active research with the object of discovering their physiological significance be it as tissue hormones or as humoral agents with a "long distance" impact; their role within pathophysiology is also of interest. GIP ("gastric inhibitory peptide"), apart form acting upon the intestinal tract, also causes a marked rise in insulin production; this GIP possibly is the factor responsible for the difference in glucose tolerance following i. v. or oral administration of glucose, something that scientists have been trying to discover for a long time. We have also endeavored to investigate somatostatin. This substance was originally discovered as a hypothalamic factor with inhibitory action on growth hormone secretion; in the meantime, however, cells containing and possibly also producing somatostatin have also been detected in the intestine and particularly in the islets of Langerhans (D-cells). Since somatostatin inhibits insulin secretion and especially glucagon release as well as the exretory functions of the stomach and of the pancreas, the significance of this hormone possibly is that of a tissue hormone with inhibitory action on adjacent cells. As factor inhibiting both endocrine and exocrine secretory processes it would combine these two complexes. The possible therapeutic significance of somatostatin administration to diabetics would lie in the saving of insulin. A third sector of present-day research deals with the interaction between the calcium metabolism and the hormones involved as well as the intestine. We know that patients suffering from primary hyperparathyroidism are prone to contract stomach ulcers and pancreatitis; patients with a gastrinoma and a hyperfunction of the epithelial bodies suffer from a Zollinger-Ellison-sindrome and this again suggests association with endocrine polyadenomatosis (Wermer syndrome). The inhibitory action of the parathormone antagonist calcitonin on the exocrine functions of the intestinal tract, such as the acid secretion of the stomach and the enzyme secretion of the pancreas, have already given rise to some considerations and experiments relative to treatment. It is to be hoped that because of all the joint observations cited above there will be better intergration of research both from the aspect of gastro-enterology and endocrinology. This might hopefully elucidate some of the unresolved problems ranging from basic research to practical application.
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PMID:[Interaction between gastrointestinal hormones and endocrine regulation]. 0 83

Antral somatostatin- and gastrin-producing cells (D and G cells) were studied in a group of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) in comparison with a control group. Gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin, phosphate, and parathormone (PTH) levels were also evaluated in every patient. The group with CRF showed a mild increase both in G- and in D-cell denisty. In this group serum phosphate and PTH levels were higher than normal, showing hyperparathyroidism in every patient. A direct correlation was found between G-cell density and parathyroid function in patients with CRF. Hyperparathyroidism, therefore, seems to play a role in the mechanism of increased serum gastrin levels in CRF.
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PMID:Antral G- and D-cell counts in chronic renal failure. 37 75

Calcitonin (CT)-cells were detected, by using an anti-human calcitonin serum (hCT), in the thyroid of the normal and anencephalic human fetuses. The first CT-cells were observed at 14 weeks of gestation. The CT-cells were at first isolated afterwards were appeared in parafollicular localization. The CT-cells were only observed in the middle of the upper or medium third or the lateral lobes, along the central axis of the lobes. No CT-cells were detected in the isthmic region or in the inferior third of the lobes. CT-cells were also seen in the thyroid of the anencephalic fetuses. The specificity of the immunocytological reaction was ascertained after incubation of anti-hCT serum with homologous or heterologous antigens: after incubation of the anti-hCT serum with hCT, the immunocytological reaction was disappeared, but no modification of the reaction was noted after incubation with somatostatin, T4 or parathormone. The CT appeared precociously in the thyroid of the human fetus and their localization was the same that in the older subjects.
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PMID:[Calcitonin-cells in the thyroid of the human fetus. Immunocytochemical study (author's transl)]. 44 36

It is now well established that insulin biosynthesis proceeds through a precursor molecule, proinsulin. This single polypeptide chain form has been identified as a ribosomal product in the microsomal fraction from islet tissues. The newly synthesized peptide chain, after folding and thiol oxidation, is transferred to the Golgi apparatus where it begins to undergo proteolytic processing to insulin and packaging into secretory granules. The secretion from the cells of significant amounts of newly synthesized material by exocytosis begins only one hour or more after biosynthesis and this process is regulated by several factors, including glucose. Foci of current attention discussed in this paper include (1) the possible existence of larger precursor forms than proinsulin, especially short-lived biosynthetic transients with extended NH2-termini analogous to the recently described immunoglobulin L chain and proparathyroid hormone precursors; (2) the large-scale production of insulin by chemical or genetic engineering approaches; (3) isolation of beta-cell plasma membranes; (4) regulatory mechanisms for the biosynthesis and secretion of insulin, the possible role of mRNA modification in this process, and effects of somatostatin on insulin biosynthesis and secretion; (5) studies on the secretion, metabolism and clinical usefulness of the proinsulin C-peptide; (6) finally, the biosynthesis of glucagon and other peptide hormones and the general significance of precursor forms.
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PMID:Biosynthesis of insulin and glucagon: a view of the current state of the art. 78 79

The development of endocrine cells in the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the golden hamster was studied immunohistochemically in relation to the formation of these glands. The thyroid was formed on day 9 of gestation by the ventral outpocketing of the foregut between the first and second branchial pouches. The thyroid epithelial cells were faintly thyroglobulin-immunoreactive on day 10.5 of gestation. This immunoreaction became intense thereafter, but was almost confined to the cytoplasm of epithelial cells until birth. It appeared in the follicular lumen in newborn animals. The ultimobranchial body was derived from the fifth pouch and fused with the thyroid on day 12 of gestation. Calcitonin-immunoreactive cells first appeared on day 14 of gestation in the dorsomedial part of the thyroid derived from the ultimobranchial body and increased in number and intensity thereafter. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells also appeared in the dorsomedial part of the thyroid derived from the ultimobranchial body on day 13 of gestation, and increased in number in newborn animals, but decreased thereafter. The parathyroid was derived from the third pouch, situated on day 13 of gestation on the dorsolateral side of the thyroid, and surrounded by a common capsule with the thyroid. Parathormone-immunoreactive cells first appeared on day 15 of gestation in the parathyroid and increased in number and intensity after birth.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical studies on the development of endocrine cells in the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the golden hamster. 231 49

In the submitted review the author pays attention to mechanisms of control of insulin secretion and the mutual interaction of other messengers (cAMP, calcium and inisitol triphosphate) with special attention to the calcium signal which plays a most important role in the stimulation of the excitable B cell. The trigger of the two-stage insulin secretion is cyclic accumulation of calcium in the cytosol of the B cell and the mutual harmony between calcium of the intra- and extracellular compartment. In the early stage of insulin secretion in particular the intracellular compartment is the source of calcium; from there the ion is released due to the action of inositol triphosphate (IP3) activated by phospholipase C. Calcium of the extracellular compartment is mobilized also in the early secretory stage by opening of the depolarization-dependent calcium channels, it plays, however, a more important part during the second stage. Activation of the other messengers, incl. the calcium signal, depends on the type of secretagogue stimulus. During systemic changes of calcium homeostasis in vivo the calcium signal of the B cell is activated or inhibited in different ways. In the course of hypercalcaemia, in particular if acute, the direct influence of calcium ions on insulin secretion is modulated by further factors, e.g. somatostatin, calcitonin, cholecystokinin, glucagon, adrenocortical hormones, opioids and other substances released into the blood stream. In chronic hypercalcaemia which is the result of primary hyperparathyroidism or vitamin D intoxication the action of calcium on the metabolic and hormonal response is enhanced by the ionophoretic action of parathormone or active vitamin D metabolites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[The calcium signal in the regulation of insulin secretion]. 269 62

A case of prostatic carcinoma with the cellular patterns of an adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumor is reported. The tumor contained ultrastructural dense core neuroendocrine granules, and immunoperoxidase staining revealed prostatic acid phosphatase, prostatic-specific antigen, chromogranin, neuron-specific enolase, serotonin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), somatostatin, parathormone, calcitonin, bombesin, and glucagon but no insulin. The patient had exhibited hypercalcemia that may have been related to hormone production by the tumor. The literature on the endocrine aspect of the prostate and its tumor is reviewed.
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PMID:Prostatic carcinoma with endocrine features. A report of a neoplasm containing multiple immunoreactive hormonal substances. 289 Dec 93

Two cell culture systems were used for studies of neural functions in vitro. A neuronal hybrid cell line (neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells) and primary glial-rich cultures of newborn murine brain. The level of cyclic AMP in both systems is regulated by two groups of hormones, those that stimulate and those that inhibit formation of cyclic AMP. Among the inhibitory hormones active on the hybrid cells are opioids. Therefore the cells are being used in the elucidation of action of opioids. The list of stimulating and inhibitory hormones regulating the primary glial-rich cultures includes several peptide hormones such as the gastrointestinal peptides secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide, the calcaemic hormones parathyrin and calcitonin, adrenocorticotropin and melanotropins, and somatostatin. Noradrenaline (via alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors) and adenosine (via A1 and A2 receptors) inhibit and stimulate cyclic AMP synthesis in the primary glial-rich cultures. Bradykinin slowly hyperpolarizes the hybrid cells and elicits formation of cyclic GMP. Both responses desensitize rapidly. Substance P increases the permeability of hybrid cells for Na+, as measured by using 14C-guanidinium as substitute for Na+. Hybrid cells actively accumulate taurine, an amino acid that appears to fulfill important functions in the nervous system. The transport of taurine across the plasma membrane is highly specific for and strictly dependent on Na+. The pumped station hypothesis of taurine action in the nervous system views taurine gradient plus taurine carrier as a transport system for the elimination of sodium from neurons during phases of high neuronal activity.
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PMID:Cell culture as models for studying neural functions. 608 74

Prospective screening was carried out in 12 members of three families with multiple endocrine adenopathies, type I (MEA,I) and in 14 patients with no multiple endocrine adenopathies with and without other endorcinopathies. Elevated basal and responsive (after a meal) plasma concentrations of a relatively new candidate-hormone, human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP), were associated with pancreatic apudoma tumors in three asymptomatic patients with multiple endocrine adenopathies, type I. Two of these patients had excision of the tumors that resulted in normal plasma hPP concentrations postoperatively. Both tumors contained hPP predominantly by immunocytochemistry; one, a pure pancreatic polypeptide apudoma, was studied extensively demonstrating also by radioimmunoassay a high content of hPP and negligible amounts of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and gastrin. In this patient plasma concentrations of other polypeptides including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, gastrin, parathyrin, thyrocalcitonin, prolactin, corticotropin, growth hormone, thyrtropin and amine, serotonin, were within normal limits. The other patient, after excision of an hPP-detected pancreatic mixed hPP-gastrinoma, also became eugastrinemic postoperatively. Normal basal plasma hPP concentrations, but with exaggerated hPP responses to a meal in 11 patients, were associated with various combinations of islet cell hyperplasia, antral G cell hyperplasia with moderate hypergastrinemia and parathyroid hyperplasia. The patients with multiple endocrine adenopathies who have demonstrated this type of increased hPP response to a meal have not been operated on but are at risk for islet hyperplasia. Four of the 12 patients with multiple endocrine adenopathies, type I, with both normal basal and normally responsive hPP concentrations have no evidence as yet of pancreatic involvement.
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PMID:Pancreatic polypeptide as screening marker for pancreatic polypeptide apudomas in multiple endocrinopathies. 624 7

Continuous cell lines have been established from a variety of biopsy and postmortem species of tumor from patients with small-cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL) and have been maintained over several years. The medium from the cultures has been assayed for peptide, glycoprotein, and steroid hormones. Significant amounts of 14 hormones including calcitonin, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), parathormone, luteinizing hormone, chorionic gonadotropin, glucagon, growth hormone, somatostatin, prolactin, beta-endorpin, lipotropin, oxytocin-neurophysin, vasopressin-neurophysin, and estradiol have been demonstrated. Up to ten different hormones have been produced by a single cell line. Most produce ACTH and all evaluated so far produce estradiol. These studies indicate that cells from SCCL have a potential for producing a wide variety of hormones and that this characteristic can be maintained for prolonged periods of culture in vitro.
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PMID:Hormone production by cultures of small-cell carcinoma of the lung. 626 22


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