Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The kidneys are responsible for iodine and of thyroid hormone biodegradation. The aim of this study was the histomorphological and immunohistochemical evaluation of the influence of sex on parafollicular thyroid C cells in rats with chronic renal failure. The experiment included 40 Wistar rats after subtotal nephrectomy, after sham operation, and without any surgical procedure. Two weeks after nephrectomy, fragments of thyroids were collected from the examined animals. Paraffin sections were stained with H+E and by silver impregnation. Calcitonin (CT), synaptophysin (SPh), somatostatin (ST), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were detected immunohistochemically in C cells. In rats with experimental uremia, immunostaining for the examined substances increased significantly in comparison to the controls. We also observed higher number of C cells with a stronger reaction in the group of males, compared to the female rats.
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PMID:Thyroid C cells in male and female rats with chronic renal failure. 1205 35

Immunohistochemistry is part of the routine diagnosis of the neuroendocrine tumors. In our study, we included 52 paragangliomas with various localizations by routine histology and immunohistochemistry. In order to increase the diagnostic specificity, a complex immunohistochemistry panel has been performed consisting of Bcl-2, Ki-67, Bax and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP), somatostatin, VIP and Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP). After heat induced antigen retrieval, the immunostaining was performed by StreptABC using DAB as a chromogen. We were the first to demonstrate the presence of Bax and PACAP in paragangliomas. Some of the used markers are of prognostic value. The relationship between Bcl-2 and Bax is decisive in generating the final response to the input apoptotic signals. The Ki-67 antigen staining has gained wide acceptance in prognostic evaluation of other tumor types. We noted a small number of Ki-67 positive cases, which signifies a low mitotic activity of these tumors and a relatively high number of Bax positivities (32.9%) and the much lower number of Bcl-2 positivities (11.39%), and could explain the benign behaviour of paragangliomas.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical features of paragangliomas. 1206 90

Retrograde labeling was combined with cytochemistry to investigate phenotypic differences in primary afferent neurons relaying sensory information from deep and superficial craniofacial tissues. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM) immunoreactivity and isolectin IB4, and cholera toxin B (ChTB) binding were examined for trigeminal masticatory muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons. Somata labeled from muscle were larger than cutaneous afferent neurons. Muscle afferent neurons exhibited positive staining as follows: 22% CGRP, 5% SP, 0% SOM; 18% ChTB, 5% IB4. The somata of CGRP- and SP-positive muscle afferent neurons were smaller than that of the overall muscle afferent population. Size differences were not detected between IB4- or ChTB-binding muscle afferent neurons and the total muscle afferent population. The following distribution was found for cutaneous afferent neurons: 26% CGRP, 7% SP, 1% SOM, 26% ChTB, 44% IB4. Cutaneous afferent neurons positive for SP were smaller, while ChTB-binding cutaneous afferents were larger than the overall cutaneous afferent population. No size differences were found between cutaneous CGRP-, SOM-, or IB4-positive neurons and the total cutaneous afferent population. Target-specific differences exist for SOM and IB4. The percentage of cutaneous afferent neurons positive for SOM and IB4 exceeds that for SOM- or IB4-positive muscle afferents. The number of retrogradely labeled neurons never differed between sexes. The percentage of retrogradely labeled muscle afferent neurons that were CGRP-positive was greater in males than females. These data indicate the presence of phenotypic, target, and sex differences in trigeminal ganglion primary afferent neurons.
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PMID:Chemical phenotypes of muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons in the rat trigeminal ganglion. 1268 82

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor. The identification of calcitonin as a specific and sensitive marker in 1968 determined a special interest of endocrinologists. Many hormones have been isolated in MTC tumors. Calcitonin, prostaglandins and somatostatin are of particular interest. Calcitonin is not only a marker, but is indicative of tumor size and prognosis. Moreover the presence of calcitonin receptors in MTC could have a role in the proliferation of this tumor. Somatostatin and the large use of somatostatin analogs in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors raise the hope that these drugs could be effective in MTC patients. Unfortunately, the benefits of these treatments is not validated. More interestingly, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs could be of interest in this tumor by comparison of their use in colorectal polyps. By inhibiting Cox or inducing 15 PGDH enzymes, we have demonstrated in vitro its effectiveness. Thus, hormones in MTC are not only markers but probably mediate biological effects involved in tumor growth.
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PMID:Medullary thyroid carcinoma and hormones. 1274 49

The motor, modulatory, and sensory neurotransmitters that mediate the peristaltic reflex in the mouse colon were identified by direct measurement, and their involvement in various pathways was determined by selective receptor antagonists. Mucosal stimulation in the central compartment of a three-compartment flat sheet preparation of mouse colon elicited ascending contraction and descending relaxation in the orad and caudad compartments, respectively. Ascending contraction was accompanied by substance P release, a marker for excitatory neurotransmitter release, into the orad compartment and was partly inhibited by atropine and spantide, and abolished by a combination of the two antagonists. Descending relaxation was accompanied by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) release, a marker for inhibitory neurotransmitter release, into the caudad compartment, and was partly inhibited by VIP10-28 and NG-nitro-L-arginine, and abolished by a combination of the two agents. Somatostatin release increased during descending relaxation: immunoneutralization of somatostatin or blockade of its effect with a selective somatostatin type 2 receptor antagonist inhibited descending relaxation. The delta-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole augmented descending relaxation and ascending contraction. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release increased in the central compartment and was mediated by concurrent release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) because its release was blocked by a 5-HT4 receptor antagonist. Both the latter and the CGRP antagonist CGRP8-37, inhibited ascending contraction and descending relaxation. Thus, the reflex in mouse like that in rat and human intestine is initiated by mucosal release of 5-HT and activation of 5-HT4 receptors on CGRP sensory neurons and is relayed via somatostatin and opioid interneurons to VIP/nitric-oxide synthase inhibitory motor neurons and via cholinergic interneurons to acetylcholine/tachykinin excitatory motor neurons.
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PMID:Neurotransmitters mediating the intestinal peristaltic reflex in the mouse. 1296 54

We have examined the ontogeny of somatostatin-, Glucagon-, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-, Substance P-, Neuropeptide Y, and Calcitonin gene-related peptide-Iike structures in the chicken retina by immunocytochemistry. Neuroblastic cells containing Substance P-Iike immunoreactivity (IR) first appeared at embryonic day 5 in the peripheral portion of the retina. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was detected as early as embryonic day 11 in the innermost level of the inner neuroblastic layer. The distribution pattern of amacrine cells containing Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-Iike immunoreactivity was similar to that for Neuropeptide Y- and Calcitonin gene-related peptide-Iike immunoreactive cells. These three types of IR cell appeared at embryonic day 13. Glucagon-like immunoreactive cells first appeared in the retina at embryonic day 15, in the innermost part of the inner nuclear layer. From the 13th to 15th day of incubation, the number and intensity of Calcitonin gene-related peptide-, Somatostatin-, Neuropeptide Y- and Substance P-Iike immunoreactive cells increased and then decreased progressively before hatching. Glucagon immunoreactive cells increased in number on the last day before hatching. After embryonic day 15, the amacrine cells containing Vasoactive intestinal peptide-Iike immunoreactivity decreased notably in number. Our study showed that development of these immunoreactive structures was different for each neuropeptide. These differences in development may reflect the diverse neurophysiological roles of these neuroactive peptides, which could act as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators at the chick retinal level. Their presence may indicate roles as neuronal differentiation or growth factors.
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PMID:Ontogenic attendance of neuropeptides in the embryo chicken retina. 1297 70

Using immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridisation expression of calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and somatostatin was examined in rat thyroids. The immunocytochemical reactions demonstrated the presence of the proteins under investigation at all stages of rat life. Calcitonin and CGRP produced the most numerous parafollicular cells, while somatostatin was present in a few cells only. The number of cells producing the above-mentioned hormones was found to increase in rats with the progressing of age. Hybridocytochemical techniques corroborated the results obtained using immunocytochemical techniques. The most numerous cells were found to contain mRNAs for calcitonin and CGRP. In the case of somatostatin, however, multiple parafollicular cells produced mRNA for the hormone but few cells demonstrated the presence of the corresponding protein.
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PMID:The expression of calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide and somatostatin in the thyroids of rats of different ages. 1465 48

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptides (CART) have been implicated in the regulation of several physiological functions, including pain transmission. A dense plexus of CART-immunoreactive fibres has been described in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord, which are key areas in sensory information and pain processing. In this study, we used antibody against CART peptide, together with markers for various types of primary afferents, interneurons and descending systems to determine the origin of the CART-immunoreactive axons in the superficial laminae of the rat spinal cord. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a marker for peptidergic primary afferents in the dorsal horn, was present in 72.6% and 34.8% of CART-immunoreactive axons in lamina I and II, respectively. The majority of these fibres also contained substance P (SP), while a few were somatostatin (SOM)-positive. The other subpopulation of CART-immunoreactive boutons in lamina I and II also expressed SP and/or SOM without CGRP, but contained vesicular glutamate transporter 2, which is present mainly in excitatory interneuronal terminals. Our data demonstrate that the majority of CART-immunoreactive axons in the spinal dorsal horn originate from peptidergic nociceptive primary afferents, while the rest arise from excitatory interneurons that contain SP or SOM. This strongly suggests that CART peptide can affect glutamatergic neurotransmission as well as the release and effects of SP and SOM in nociception and other sensory processes.
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PMID:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) is present in peptidergic C primary afferents and axons of excitatory interneurons with a possible role in nociception in the superficial laminae of the rat spinal cord. 1788 Mar 96

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a polypeptide produced by alternative processing of calcitonin gene transcripts and is endowed with important systemic physiological effects. The recent characterization of its receptor and the discovery of stable antagonists has addressed them in the indication migraine. Beside this, several studies have been focused on role of CGRP at gastric level. CGRP is considered a marker of afferent fibers in the upper gastrointestinal tract being almost completely depleted following treatment with the selective neurotoxin capsaicin that targets these fibers via transient receptor potential vanilloid of type-1. The exogenous administration of the peptide was able to afford protection against experimental ulcers induced by an increase in gastric secretion. The use of CGRP knockout mice has let to characterize the endogenous role of CGRP showing that the local release of this neuropeptide protects from ethanol injury and favours ulcer healing. Decreased levels of gastric CGRP-like immunoreactivity (li) were observed during acetic acid-, cysteamine-, concentrated ethanol- or water immersion stress-ulcers. Restoration of CGRP-li was found in animals bearing ulcers in healing status and delayed healing in mice knockout to CGRP. CGRP was able to release somatostatin from gastric D cells but its main effects on the stomach homeostasis rely on local vasodilator action during increased acid-back diffusion.
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PMID:Role of calcitonin gene-related Peptide in gastric mucosal defence and healing. 1986 Jul 1

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vaso-active peptide. Typically, it is elevated in the plasma of patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), but is undetectable in the plasma of healthy individuals. Some symptoms associated with MTC could be caused by elevated CGRP. The plasma level of CGRP was measured in patients with recurrent MTC at rest and again after intravenous pentagastrin to further elevate the CGRP. When normal subjects received pentagastrin the CGRP level still remained below the detectable threshold (< 4 pmol/L). The CGRP levels did not correlate with the patients' blood pressure but a rise in CGRP was associated with a rise in heart rate. As not all patients showed symptoms, further investigation examined the possibility of plasma elevation of somatostatin, a known inhibitor, preventing responses but no change was found. Similarly, examination of the patient plasma for CGRP fractions did not reveal any increased breakdown.
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PMID:Elevated plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide and the symptoms associated with medullary thyroid cancer. 2016 9


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