Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was found to potently inhibit a substance P endopeptidase isolated from human CSF. CGRP potentiated substance P irritant actions; a possible mechanism is interaction for a common metabolic step. Somatostatin is another peptide capable of competing with substance P endopeptidase.
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PMID:Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent inhibitor of substance P degradation. 241 71

Twenty medullary carcinomas of the thyroid gland were examined for the presence of immunoreactive calcitonin, thyroglobulin, glucagon, keratin, gastrin/CCK, carcinoembryonic antibody (CEA), insulin, serotonin, adreno-corticotropic hormone (ACTH), prostatic acid phosphatase, and somatostatin using the immunoperoxidase peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. In addition, they were stained with mucicarmine, alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Grimelius, Congo red, crystal violet, and Fontana-Masson stains. Calcitonin-immunoreactive cells were absent in one tumor and present in 19 tumors (95%). Thyroglobulin was present in seven tumors (35%). Twenty tumors contained CEA-immunoreactive cells (100%). Fourteen cases were immunoreactive to serotonin (70%) and 12 were positive for somatostatin (60%). Glucagon- and gastrin/CCK-immunoreactive cells were found in two cases each (10%). Four tumors (20%) contained ACTH-immunoreactive cells and three cases (15%) were positive for prostatic acid phosphatase. Five cases (25%) contained keratin-immunoreactive cells. One case was immunoreactive to insulin (5%). Grimelius-positive cells were present in 19 of the cases (95%). Mucin-containing cells were present in 65% of the cases. The validity of the immunocytochemical localizations was tested by specific absorption of each antibody with the corresponding antigen. The demonstration of immunoreactivity for multiple antigens in each of the 20 cases suggests that the origin of medullary thyroid carcinomas is from a neuroendocrine cell potentially capable of producing numerous hormone substances. In addition, as the neoplastic cells in 35% of the tumors contained hormonal substances as well as thyroglobulin, it is suggested that papillary or follicular tumors mixed with a neuroendocrine component exist more commonly than previously suspected. Finally, psammoma bodies might be present in pure medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.
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PMID:Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical features with review of the literature. 241 97

The developmental patterns of neurofilament triplet proteins, peptide and amine immunoreactivities were compared in motor (ventral spinal cord), sensory (dorsal spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, epidermis), and autonomic (intermediolateral cell columns, dermis) regions in the rat and human. In the rat, neurofilament triplet proteins first appeared in motoneurones (embryonic day 13). In the youngest human fetuses studied (6 weeks), immunoreactivity was present throughout the spinal cord. Peptides and amines occurred later. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and its C-flanking peptide (CPON) were the first to appear localized to motoneurones (embryonic days 15-17 rat; fetal weeks 6-14 human). Numbers of immunoreactive motoneurones decreased toward birth, but immunoreactive fibers increased in the ventral horn with enkephalin, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, and the monoaminergic markers 5-hydroxytryptamine and tyrosine hydroxylase (all presumably of supraspinal origin) the last to appear perinatally. In the dorsal horn, particularly in the rat, a transient expression of substance P-, somatostatin-, and neuropeptide Y/CPON-immunoreactive cells was detected (embryonic days 15-17). A pronounced increase of calcitonin gene-related peptide-, galanin-, somatostatin- and substance P- immunoreactive fibers was found perinatally in both species. This coincided with an increased detection of cells in the dorsal root ganglia containing these peptides and the earliest appearance of calcitonin gene-related peptide-, somatostatin-, and substance P-immunoreactive fibers in the rat epidermis. Few antigens were localized to the intermediolateral cell columns before embryonic day 20 (rat), fetal week 20 (human), with thyrotrophin-releasing hormone-, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, tyrosine hydroxylase-, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerves appearing perinatally. In the rat dermis, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers (sympathetic fibers) and fibers immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y/CPON and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were detected from postnatal day 1. In conclusion, 1) peptide and amine immunoreactivity develops in motor before sensory or autonomic regions, 2) many peptide-containing cells are transient in fetal life, and 3) central terminals of dorsal root ganglion cells express peptides before terminals in the skin.
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PMID:Ontogeny of peptide- and amine-containing neurones in motor, sensory, and autonomic regions of rat and human spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and rat skin. 244 34

Patients with medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) were analyzed according to age, sex, and tumor stage. In addition, the MTC were screened for the predominant histologic pattern, immunocytochemical spectrum (60 tumors), and DNA content (DNA cytophotometry and DNA flow cytometry, 25 tumors). These findings were correlated with follow-up data available for 45 of these patients. Forty-eight percent of the tumors revealed a polygonal cell pattern, whereas 22% showed spindle-cell predominance. All tumors contained cytokeratin, chromogranin A, and calcitonin (CT). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was present in 92%, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in 77%, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in 75%, and vimentin in 53% of cases. Positivity for neurotensin, somatostatin, neurofilaments, bombesin, and alpha human chorionic gonadotropin (a-hCG) and serotonin ranged between 3% and 27%. All MTC were negative for substance P, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroglobulin (TG), or S-100 protein. Local recurrences and regional lymph node metastases revealed identical staining patterns as the primaries. Prognosis of MTC was found not to be related to histologic features (dominant architectural pattern, cellular shape, presence of amyloid deposits) or immunocytochemical pattern. Instead, survival was significantly correlated to age, sex, and stage of disease. The best prognosis was seen in women younger than 40 years and revealing an early stage of disease. DNA measurements added valuable information in assessing the prognosis of MTC.
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PMID:Prognostic factors in medullary thyroid carcinomas. Survival in relation to age, sex, stage, histology, immunocytochemistry, and DNA content. 244 25

With the use of several region-specific antisera and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique, several regulatory polypeptides were localized in nerves of the kidney. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)- immunoreactivity (IR), neurotensin (NT)-IR and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-IR occurred at high densities in all segments of the renal arterial system forming a perivascular plexus. Furthermore, NT-IR nerves were particularly frequent at the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IR was mainly concentrated in nerves supplying the hilus arteries and the JGA. Substance P (SP)-IR was predominantly found in large varicosities close to large renal arterial vessels and in the vicinity of the JGA. Somatostatin (SOM)-IR was only observed in single varicosities located at the media-adventitia border of large renal hilus arteries. The peptidergic nerves are correlated to their ultrastructural counterpart. In addition, the distribution patterns and the frequency of the different types of renal peptidergic nerve fibres are evaluated and compared. The functional role of these neuropeptides and their origin within the efferent branch of this part of the peripheral autonomic nervous system is discussed. Furthermore, the implication of some of the neuropeptides studied in afferent renal innervation is also substantiated.
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PMID:Neuropeptide (neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, somatostatin) immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure of renal nerves. 245 14

Electron microscope immunocytochemistry was used to determine the intracellular localization and distribution among follicular elements of four peptides: calcitonin, somatostatin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and substance P in the thyroid glands of bats captured in the prehibernation phase of their annual life cycle. Previous studies have shown that this period of the hibernation-activity cycle is characterized by the accumulation and storage of secretory granules in parafollicular cells. Sites of binding of primary antisera to each of the four peptides were identified by means of affinity-purified secondary antisera directly coupled to colloidal gold particles. Calcitonin and somatostatin immunoreactivities were found in all parafollicular cells examined and in every secretory granule within these cells. CGRP was also found in all parafollicular cells examined (n = 75) but only in about half of their secretory granules. In contrast to these peptides, substance P immunoreactivity was not found in any parafollicular cells, but was localized exclusively in nerve endings within the basement membrane of the follicle.
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PMID:Ultrastructural immunocytochemical studies of the localization and distribution of somatostatin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P in the bat thyroid follicle. 246 Nov 25

1. We examined the possibility that the neuropeptide, galanin, may act as a transmitter in longitudinal muscle isolated from the rat ileum. 2. Galanin at nanomolar concentrations produced a phasic contraction with a concomitant increase in rhythmic activity. At concentrations in excess of 3 x 10(-8) M, the contraction was followed by a rapid desensitization; hence, with the cumulative re-addition of galanin, there was no response. This desensitization was probably selective for galanin because there was no attenuation of the contractile responses to substance P, neurokinin A and B, bradykinin or carbachol. 3. The phasic contraction induced by galanin was not inhibited by atropine, guanethidine, hexamethonium, naloxone, tetrodotoxin or [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]-substance P. 4. Electrical stimulation of intramural nerves at low frequencies (1-5 Hz) led to an augmentation of spontaneous rhythmic contractions, which were completely or partially inhibited by atropine. However, guanethidine, hexamethonium, naloxone, [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]-substance P and desensitization to galanin were without effect on the response to such electrical stimulation. 5. In contrast, transmural electrical stimulation at higher frequencies in the presence of atropine and guanethidine produced biphasic contractile responses with transient and slow components. The slow component was selectively attenuated by galanin desensitization. 6. The slow component induced by high frequency stimulation was markedly attenuated by repeated electrical stimulation at short intervals (2.5 min between 30 s trains). Following repeated stimulation, the contractile response to galanin was also attenuated. Thus, a cross-desensitization between the mediator of the slow component and galanin had to be considered. In contrast, responses to tachykinins and the transient component induced by electrical stimulation were without effect. 7. Somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and alpha,beta-methylene ATP were without effect on the tone of the muscle. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, neurotensin, gastrin-releasing peptide, neuropeptide Y and capsaicin produced either a transient arrest of the spontaneous rhythmic activity or a transient relaxation. 8. These results suggest that the slow component of the non-cholinergic non-adrenergic contraction, as induced by intramural nerve stimulation is apparently due to the endogenous release of galanin, presumably released from galanin-containing nerves in the rat ileum.
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PMID:Contribution of galanin to non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic transmission in rat ileum. 246 26

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a 37-amino acid peptide, has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of pancreatic exocrine secretion when administered exogenously The present study was performed to determine if this inhibitory effect is due to the direct actions of exogenous CGRP on the exocrine pancreas or to the effects of another inhibitor released by CGRP. To this end, we first confirmed the inhibitory effects of the peptide on exocrine function by infusing the peptide into conscious rats previously prepared with bile-pancreatic fistulas and measuring cholecystokinin-stimulated amylase and protein outputs. CGRP produced a dose-dependent inhibition of both protein and amylase outputs in vivo. In marked contrast, CGRP in vitro had no direct inhibitory effect on amylase output from either the isolated buffer-perfused pancreas or dispersed acinar cells. Thus, the inhibitory effects of exogenous CGRP on pancreatic exocrine function appear to be indirect. In an attempt to determine the mediator of the inhibitory effects of CGRP, we assessed the ability of similar doses of CGRP to stimulate the release of a potential endogenous inhibitor of pancreatic exocrine function, circulating somatostatin. In conscious rats, iv CGRP dose-dependently increased circulating plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity from 35 +/- 5 to 86 +/- 7 fmol/ml. To determine if these increments in circulating somatostatin were sufficient to impair exocrine function, the isolated pancreas was exposed in vitro to a similar concentration of somatostatin. Somatostatin perfusion resulted in a significant inhibition of pancreatic amylase output (73%). Overall, these results support the hypothesis that 1) the inhibitory effect of exogenous CGRP on pancreatic exocrine function is indirect; 2) exogenous CGRP stimulates the release of endogenous somatostatin into the systemic circulation; and 3) the concentration of circulating somatostatin is sufficient to mediate the effect of exogenous CGRP on the exocrine pancreas.
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PMID:Inhibition of pancreatic exocrine secretion in the rat by calcitonin gene-related peptide: involvement of circulating somatostatin. 246 38

Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in in sensory nerve fibers in the epidermis and dermis as free nerve endings and around blood vessels and hair follicles of the human finger pad and arm skin. The vast majority of the calcitonin gene-related immunoreactive fibers was shown to display also substance P-like immunoreactivity and a few fibers in the dermis were somatostatin positive. No fibers displaying both substance P and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity were found but a few substance P immunoreactive fibers in the dermis-epidermis region were found to contain also vasointestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity. In the sweat glands, abundant calcitonin gene-related peptide positive, but substance P negative, fibers were observed with a similar distribution pattern as the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive fibers and these fibers were suggested to be of sympathetic origin.
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PMID:Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in nerve fibers in the human skin. Relation to fibers containing substance P-, somatostatin- and vasocactive intestinalpolypeptide-like immunoreactivity. 246 16

Carcinoid tumor associated with carcinoid syndrome is a very difficult condition to treat. Many different drugs have been used in order to control symptoms and different antineoplastic agents were experimentated to reduce the often large neoplastic lesions. Recently the description of the existence of estrogen receptors in carcinoid tumor tissue arose great enthusiasm on the possibility of using the antiestrogen tamoxifen as a direct antitumor agent. Few experiences appeared in the international literature and contrastant results were reported. In this paper we describe one case of long term treatment with tamoxifen for a metastatic carcinoid tumor. The patient experienced the regression of carcinoid syndrome symptoms with tamoxifen therapy. Unfortunately after one year symptoms reappeared in spite of tamoxifen therapy. We conclude that tamoxifen is at the moment the best therapy in patient affected by carcinoid tumor associated with carcinoid syndrome. Data on other drugs as the oral analogues of Somatostatin or Calcitonin need to be confirmed by additional studies.
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PMID:Long term treatment with tamoxifen for metastatic carcinoid tumor. 280 Aug 57


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