Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Axonal tracing techniques were used in combination with immunohistochemistry to examine the distribution of neuropeptides in afferent pathways from the uterine cervix of the cat. Primary afferent neurons innervating the uterine cervix were identified by axonal transport of the dye, fast blue, injected into the cervix. Fifteen to twenty-five days after the injection, dorsal root ganglia (L1-S3) were removed and incubated for 48-72 h in culture medium containing colchicine to increase the levels of peptides. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), cholecystokinin (CCK), leucine-enkephalin (LENK), somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intenstinal polypeptide (VIP) were identified by use of indirect immunohistochemical techniques. Eighty-four percent of uterine cervix afferent neurons were identified in the sacral dorsal root ganglia (S1-S3), and 16% in the middle lumbar dorsal root ganglia (L3-L4). In sacral dorsal root ganglia, VIP was present in the highest percentage of dye-labeled cells (71%), CGRP in 42%, and substance P in 18% of the cells. CCK and LENK were present in 13% of the cells. In lumbar dorsal root ganglia, CGRP (51%) was most prominent peptide followed by VIP (34%), substance P (28%), LENK (17%) and CCK (13%). Somatostatin was present in the ganglia but did not occur in dye-labeled neurons. In conclusion, the uterine cervix of the cat receives a prominent VIP- and CGRP-containing afferent innervation. The percentage of neurons containing VIP is three to five times higher than the percentage of these neurons in afferent pathways to other pelvic organs. These observations coupled with the results of physiological studies suggest that VIP is an important transmitter in afferent pathways from the cervix.
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PMID:A large proportion of afferent neurons innervating the uterine cervix of the cat contain VIP and other neuropeptides. 172 Oct 5

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were isolated from a primitive neuroectodermal tumor and fused with GM4672 cells, resulting in hybrids secreting human IgM-kappa antibody, which is reactive to olfactory neuroblastoma tumor cells. Hybridoma clones 4F and 9G produce human monoclonal antibodies reactive to autologous and allogeneic neuroblastoma tumor cells and subsets of pancreatic islet cells in formalin-fixed tissues. They react specifically with dense core granules of glucagon and insulin-producing islet cells, but not with those in cells producing somatostatin. Calcitonin granules are not recognized by these antibodies. The area of localization of the granules is distinct from the component labeled by murine monoclonal antibodies to chromogranin A. The clones have remained stable in culture for over two years and continue to secrete up to 60 micrograms/mL of human IgM. This study demonstrates the possibility of directly analyzing the antibody repertoire of tumor-infiltrating B cells, and this technique may allow the development of human monoclonal antibodies to other novel cellular antigens.
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PMID:Human monoclonal antibodies to neuroendocrine granules derived from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes isolated from a primitive neuroectodermal tumor. 196 74

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) stimulates release of peptides derived from pro-somatostatin (Pro-S) into the general circulation. The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the origin and molecular heterogeneity of Pro-S-derived peptides secreted in response to CGRP. Catheters were placed into the vena cava and veins draining the gastric fundus and corpus, antrum, and small intestine of anesthetized pigs. Human CGRP I was infused into the descending aorta at 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 for consecutive 30-min intervals. Blood was collected from the venous catheters after each period. S-28 was separated from Pro-S, S-14, and S-13 by immunoaffinity chromatography and peptides were quantified by radioimmunoassay. CGRP primarily evoked release of peptides measured collectively as Pro-S, S-14, and S-13 into venous blood draining the fundus and corpus, and concentrations were significantly elevated above basal at 0.8 and 1.6 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 CGRP (P less than 0.05). Basal concentrations of S-28, Pro-S, S-14, and S-13 in blood from the antrum and small intestine were not significantly elevated by CGRP. In conclusion, CGRP stimulated release of Pro-S-derived peptides from the gastric fundus and corpus but not from the antrum or small intestine.
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PMID:CGRP stimulates the release of pro-somatostatin-derived peptides from the gastric fundus. 196 18

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is an intrapancreatic neuropeptide with potential effects on islet hormone secretion. To investigate its pancreatic actions, we examined the effects of a 10 min perfusion of synthetic human CGRP on islet hormone release from the isolated dog pancreas (n = 6) at 5.5 mM glucose. At 0.1 nM, CGRP inhibited insulin secretion (P less than 0.01), which was already observed at 2 min after its introduction. After CGRP perfusion was stopped, a stimulatory off-response occurred. In contrast, at higher dose levels, CGRP stimulated insulin secretion. At 1.0 nM, the stimulation was weak and transient (P less than 0.01), occurring only during the first 3 min of CGRP perfusion. At 10 nM, the stimulation continued for 6 min (P less than 0.05), and at 50 nM, the stimulation was marked and sustained throughout the 10 min perfusion period (P less than 0.01). After the CGRP perfusion at 1.0 and 10 nM, but not at 50 nM, a marked stimulatory off-response in insulin secretion was seen. Glucagon and somatostatin secretion were not significantly affected by CGRP at any of the examined concentrations. We conclude that CGRP exerts dual effects on insulin secretion from the perfused dog pancreas: inhibition at low concentrations and stimulation at high concentrations. This pattern of effect might represent a new regulatory concept for neural influences on islet function: the qualitative response being determined by the amount of neurotransmitter released.
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PMID:Dual effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on insulin secretion in the perfused dog pancreas. 196 74

A 55-year-old man presented with a metastasizing moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx (atypical carcinoid). Immunocytochemical demonstration of neuroendocrine markers (neuron-specific enolase and chromogranin-A) and presence of membrane-bound neurosecretory granules in the cells established the neuroendocrine nature of the tumour. In addition, the tumour was found to produce calcitonin, somatostatin and carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA). Calcitonin and somatostatin were also secreted. On the basis of this particular marker constellation the tumour closely resembles medullary thyroid carcinoma. Review of the recent literature on carcinoids of the larynx reveals immunoreactivity for calcitonin and CEA in a high percentage of cases.
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PMID:Metastasizing neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx with calcitonin and somatostatin secretion and CEA production, resembling medullary thyroid carcinoma. 197 Sep 17

The immunohistochemical distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide and somatostatin in rat lumbar spinal laminae VII-X was investigated using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Within L1,2 laminae VII and X, calcitonin gene-related peptide and somatostatin fibers demarcate the location of preganglionic sympathetic neurons in a similar fashion in either sex but somatostatin is distributed in a sexually dimorphic manner in the lumbosacral (L5-S2) spinal cord with the male rat containing more somatostatin fibers and neurons than females. Within the ventral horn (lamina IX), calcitonin gene-related peptide has a sexually dimorphic distribution. Calcitonin gene-related peptide varicose fibers are found within the sexually dimorphic male cremaster nucleus but are virtually absent in the female cremaster nucleus. Calcitonin gene-related peptide varicose fibers are nearly absent in the remainder of the male and female lamina IX: this area includes the other two known sexually dimorphic spinal motonuclei: the dorsomedial and dorsolateral nuclei. Virtually all motoneurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord which are not sexually dimorphic contain calcitonin gene-related peptide. However, calcitonin gene-related peptide containing motoneurons have a heterogeneous distribution within sexually dimorphic nuclei. Calcitonin gene-related peptide containing motoneurons within the male and female cremaster nucleus are extremely rare. Some motoneurons within the male and female dorsomedial and dorsolateral nuclei contain calcitonin gene-related peptide with the female dorsomedial and dorsolateral nuclei containing a greater percentage of calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing motoneurons (c. 50%) than males (c. 20%). Somatostatin fibers are preferentially located in sexually dimorphic nuclei of either sex and are distributed in a sexually dimorphic manner within these nuclei with males containing a greater amount of somatostatin fibers than females. The amount of somatostatin immunoreactivity is most dense in the medial aspect of the dorsolateral nucleus, dense in the dorsomedial nucleus, moderate in the cremaster nucleus, and sparse in the lateral portion of the dorsolateral nucleus. In addition, a small column of motoneurons, between the dorsomedial and dorsolateral nuclei at the L5 level, is outlined by somatostatin fibers in females but is absent in males. Somatostatin containing motoneurons were not observed within the lumbar sexually dimorphic nuclei of either sex.
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PMID:Calcitonin gene-related peptide and somatostatin immunoreactivities in the rat lumbar spinal cord: sexually dimorphic aspects. 198 71

The comparative distribution of peptidergic neural systems in the brain of the euryhaline, viviparous teleost Poecilia latipinna (green molly) was examined by immunohistochemistry. Topographically distinct, but often overlapping, systems of neurons and fibres displaying immunoreactivity (ir) related to a range of neuropeptides were found in most brain areas. Neurosecretory and hypophysiotrophic hormones were localized to specific groups of neurons mostly within the preoptic and tuberal hypothalamus, giving fibre projections to the neurohypophysis, ventral telencephalon, thalamus, and brain stem. Separate vasotocin (AVT)-ir and isotocin (IST)-ir cells were located in the nucleus preopticus (nPO), but many AVT-ir nPO neurons also displayed growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF)-like-ir, and in some animals corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)-like-ir. The main group of CRF-ir neurons was located in the nucleus recessus anterioris, where coexistence with galanin (GAL) was observed in some cells. Enkephalin (ENK)-like-ir was occasionally present in a few IST-ir cells of the nPO and was also found in small neurons in the posterior tuberal hypothalamus and in a cluster of large cells in the dorsal midbrain tegmentum. Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)-ir cells were found near the rostromedial tip of the nucleus recessus lateralis. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-ir cells were present in the nucleus olfactoretinalis, ventral telencephalon, preoptic area, and dorsal midbrain tegmentum. Molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide (FMRF-amide)-ir was colocalized with GnRH-ir in the ganglion cells and central projections of the nervus terminalis. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-ir neurons were restricted to the tuberal hypothalamus, mostly within the nucleus lateralis tuberis pars lateralis, and somatostatin (SRIF)-ir neurons were numerous throughout the periventricular areas of the diencephalon. A further group of SRIF-ir neurons extending from the ventral telencephalon into the dorsal telencephalon pars centralis also contained neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, peptide YY (PYY)-, and NPY flanking peptide (PSW)-like-ir. These immunoreactivities were, however, also observed in non-SRIF-ir cells and fibres, particularly in the mesencephalon. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like-ir had a characteristic distribution in cells grouped in the isthmal region and fibre tracts running forward into the hypothalamus, most strikingly into the inferior lobes. Antisera to cholecystokinin (CCK) and neurokinin A (NK) or substance P (SP) stained very extensive, separate systems throughout the brain, with cells most consistently seen in the ventral telencephalon and periventricular hypothalamus. Broadly similar, but much more restricted, distributions of cells and fibres were seen with antisera to neurotensin (NT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Comparative distribution of neuropeptide-immunoreactive systems in the brain of the green molly, Poecilia latipinna. 208 20

The development of endocrine cells in the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the golden hamster was studied immunohistochemically in relation to the formation of these glands. The thyroid was formed on day 9 of gestation by the ventral outpocketing of the foregut between the first and second branchial pouches. The thyroid epithelial cells were faintly thyroglobulin-immunoreactive on day 10.5 of gestation. This immunoreaction became intense thereafter, but was almost confined to the cytoplasm of epithelial cells until birth. It appeared in the follicular lumen in newborn animals. The ultimobranchial body was derived from the fifth pouch and fused with the thyroid on day 12 of gestation. Calcitonin-immunoreactive cells first appeared on day 14 of gestation in the dorsomedial part of the thyroid derived from the ultimobranchial body and increased in number and intensity thereafter. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells also appeared in the dorsomedial part of the thyroid derived from the ultimobranchial body on day 13 of gestation, and increased in number in newborn animals, but decreased thereafter. The parathyroid was derived from the third pouch, situated on day 13 of gestation on the dorsolateral side of the thyroid, and surrounded by a common capsule with the thyroid. Parathormone-immunoreactive cells first appeared on day 15 of gestation in the parathyroid and increased in number and intensity after birth.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical studies on the development of endocrine cells in the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the golden hamster. 231 49

In the chicken, serotonin-immunoreactive cells were widely distributed not only in the carotid body but also in the wall of the common carotid artery and around each artery arising from the common carotid artery. Almost all of the serotonin cells in the wall of the common carotid artery were intensely immunoreactive to the neuropeptide Y, met- and leu-enkephalin antisera, whereas in the carotid body only a few cells were immunoreactive to these antisera. Innervation of the serotonin cells in and around arteries of chickens was investigated by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, in comparison with that of the carotid body. The serotonin cell groups in and around arteries, as well as the carotid body, received numerous peptidergic nerve fibers. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and substance P-immunoreactive varicose nerve fibers were densely distributed, and somatostatin-immunoreactive fibers were moderately distributed in the serotonin cell groups. Galanin- and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-immunoreactive fibers were sparsely distributed in the cell groups. By electron microscopy, the serotonin cells in and around arteries were characterized by the presence of numerous dense-cored vesicles, 70-220 nm in diameter. The granule-containing cells were in close association with numerous axons. Naked axons regarded axon terminals were frequently apposed on the granular cells. The axon terminals were usually long and often partly invested the granular cells. Numerous synaptic junctions were detected along the contact between the granular cells and axon terminals. Most of the synaptic junctions showed afferent morphology; the secretory granules were accumulated near and attached to the asymmetrical membrane thickenings. Thus, the serotonin cells in and around arteries, like the carotid body, constitute chemoreceptive tissue.
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PMID:Innervation of the serotonin-immunoreactive cells distributed in the wall of the common carotid artery and its branches in the chicken. 232 11

The current study was undertaken on 25 cases of thyroid medullary carcinoma to compare the diagnostic value of calcitonin with other peptides including PDN-21, the C-terminal flanking peptide of human calcitonin within the calcitonin precursor, and calcitonin gene-related peptide, CGRP. Antiserum raised to chromogranin, an acidic protein of 68,000 daltons, was also used to compare its diagnostic value as a general marker for neuroendocrine neoplasia with neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and Grimelius' argyrophil silver staining. Immunocytochemistry was performed using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method at the light microscopic level and the immunogold staining procedure at the ultrastructural level. All tumors were reactive to calcitonin and CGRP antisera, whereas PDN-21 was present in 23 cases. It was also found that these peptides were colocalized in the majority of C-cells. The intensity and specificity of CGRP and PDN-21 immunoreaction was comparable to and in some cases even better than that obtained with calcitonin antiserum. In the majority of tumors, somatostatin and bombesin immunoreactivity was either absent, weak, or variable in intensity and distribution. The current study thus demonstrates that together with calcitonin, PDN and, in particular, CGRP antisera may be applied to corroborate immunocytochemical diagnosis in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. With regard to general neuroendocrine markers, Grimelius' and chromogranin provided the most consistent results. NSE isoenzyme immunoreactivity, on the other hand, was more variable, probably reflecting the metabolic state of the tumor cells.
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PMID:Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. An immunocytochemical and histochemical study of 25 cases using eight separate markers. 241 87


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