Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Calcitonin (CT)-cells were detected, by using an anti-human calcitonin serum (hCT), in the thyroid of the normal and anencephalic human fetuses. The first CT-cells were observed at 14 weeks of gestation. The CT-cells were at first isolated afterwards were appeared in parafollicular localization. The CT-cells were only observed in the middle of the upper or medium third or the lateral lobes, along the central axis of the lobes. No CT-cells were detected in the isthmic region or in the inferior third of the lobes. CT-cells were also seen in the thyroid of the anencephalic fetuses. The specificity of the immunocytological reaction was ascertained after incubation of anti-hCT serum with homologous or heterologous antigens: after incubation of the anti-hCT serum with hCT, the immunocytological reaction was disappeared, but no modification of the reaction was noted after incubation with somatostatin, T4 or parathormone. The CT appeared precociously in the thyroid of the human fetus and their localization was the same that in the older subjects.
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PMID:[Calcitonin-cells in the thyroid of the human fetus. Immunocytochemical study (author's transl)]. 44 36

Pulmonary neuroepithelial endocrine cells have been shown to contain serotonin-immunoreactivity in almost every species studied. Regulatory peptides, of which at least ten have been reported so far, were mostly only demonstrated in a number of the investigated species or in a subpopulation of neuroepithelial endocrine cells. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, calcitonin, bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide, enkephalin, somatostatin, substance P, cholecystokinin and polypeptide YY were found in normal lung tissues, whereas ACTH and several other bioactive substances should be regarded as ectopic. The human pulmonary neuroepithelial endocrine system seems to harbour the largest spectrum of bioactive mediators. The distribution patterns of bioactive substances in various subpopulations of solitary neuroepithelial endocrine cells or neuroepithelial bodies and in different cells of a single neuroepithelial body reveal a great complexity. Therefore, further research is needed to elucidate the chemical coding of this system.
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PMID:Comparative histological overview of the chemical coding of the pulmonary neuroepithelial endocrine system in health and disease. 128 Sep 75

Applying double-fluorescence immunohistochemistry, adrenergic and non-adrenergic postganglionic sympathetic neurons, in the porcine inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) are subdivided according to size and cotransmitter content. Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive (IR) neurons are demonstrated to belong to the non-adrenergic, i.e. tyrosine hydroxylase- and DOPAmine-beta-hydroxylase-(D beta H)-negative subpopulation of postganglionic perikarya. Virtually all of the CGRP-IR postganglionic neurons exhibit colocalization with somatostatin (SOM), and, some of them with neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY). Additionally, NPY-, SOM-, and NPY/SOM-IR subpopulations of adrenergic and non-adrenergic neurons are observed. CGRP-immunoreactivity is seen in dense networks of intraganglionic varicose nerve fibres, adjacent to the TH- and SOM-IR neurons. NPY-IR perikarya are sparsely supplied by CGRP-IR fibres. SOM- and NPY-IR nerve fibres also exist in the inferior mesenteric ganglion. The functional relevance of CGRP-IR postganglionic neurons, as well as target organs of these neurons remain to be elucidated.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide and cotransmitters in a subpopulation of post-ganglionic neurons in the porcine inferior mesenteric ganglion. 135 47

Calcitonin (CT) secretion is not exclusively controlled by calcemia, but the secretory tonus is maintained by the beta-stimulatory adrenergic system Somatostatin (SMS) plays a neuromodulatory role with the reduction of CT secretion by its interference at the central and peripheral level of the beta adrenergic receptors. The experiments were carried out on groups of rats in which the effect of SMS on CT content of the thyroid gland was followed up. Thus, SMS administered i.c.v. significantly reduced the basal CT secretion without blocking the stimulatory effect of calcium. The results were comparable with those obtained after the blockade of the sympatho-adrenergic system by chemical sympathectomy with 6HODA or propranolol. Central blockade of alpha receptors with phentolamine determined a significant rise of CT. This effect was annihilated by SMS. The i.v. administration of SMS did not induce a change in CT content of the thyroid, but blocked the stimulatory action of hypercalcemia. The results are identical with those obtained by blocking the beta-receptors with propranolol. SMS also blocked the stimulatory effects of isoproterenol on CT secretion. The data obtained revealed the fact that SMS lowers CT secretion by the central and peripheral interference of the sympatho-adrenergic path, maintaining the secretory tonus of the thyroid C cells.
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PMID:Inhibitory role of somatostatin on calcitonin secretion. 136 72

Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent inhibitor of stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion in vivo. The mechanism of this inhibitory action was studied in dogs and rats. The questions examined were: (1) is the inhibitory action of CGRP on pancreatic secretion mediated by somatostatin? (2) is the inhibition direct, via action on acinar cells, or indirect? and (3) is a neuronal mechanism involved, and, if so, by what pathway? In dogs with chronic pancreatic fistulae, CGRP caused significant inhibition of the outputs of pancreatic protein (63-68%) and of pancreatic bicarbonate (74-89%) and a simultaneous dose-related rise (40-102 fmol/ml) in plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. A similar degree of inhibition was found when exogenous somatostatin was infused to achieve similar levels of plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. More direct evidence of somatostatin mediation of CGRP action was sought in conscious rats with pancreatic fistulae using a potent and specific monoclonal antibody to somatostatin. The latter studies suggest that CGRP has both a somatostatin-dependent and a somatostatin-independent mechanism of action. In isolated rat acini, CGRP did not inhibit CCK-stimulated amylase release, suggesting that its in vivo action is indirect. In the isolated vascularly perfused rat pancreas, CGRP (10(-10)-10(-7) M) inhibited in a dose-dependent manner volume and protein output stimulated by a mixture of CCK-8 and secretin. The inhibitory action of CGRP was blocked by tetrodotoxin (10(-7) M) and by atropine (10(-7) M), but not by hexamethonium (10(-7) M). We conclude that CGRP action: (1) is partly explained by release of somatostatin; (2) is indirect; (3) is neurally mediated; and (4) involves cholinergic muscarinic neurons within the pancreas.
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PMID:Selective release of somatostatin by calcitonin gene-related peptide and influence on pancreatic secretion. 137 16

Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a putative neurotransmitter of central and peripheral nervous systems which coexists with acetylcholine in motor nerve terminals and exerts multiple effects on skeletal muscle, suggesting a trophic role for this neuropeptide. Using radiolabeled calcitonin gene-related peptide as a probe in a specific binding assay, we have characterized calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites on chick skeletal muscle membranes. Binding is time-dependent, saturable and reversible. Scatchard analyses revealed two classes of sites: high-affinity sites with a KD value of 62 pM, and low-affinity sites with a KD value of 3.3 nM. The maximal number of sites is, respectively, 22 and 155 fmol/mg protein for high- and low-affinity binding sites. Specific binding was not affected by the presence, in excess, of other neuropeptides such as salmon calcitonin or somatostatin or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Affinity of the binding site for calcitonin gene-related peptide was decreased in the presence of 5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate, suggesting a physiological coupling of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor to a GTP binding protein. In a developmental study of chick muscle, we found the highest activity of calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites in 11-14 day embryos, following a pattern of evolution similar to that of acetylcholine receptors (constant ratio of 12 acetylcholine receptors per calcitonin gene-related peptide binding site). However, both receptors appear differentially regulated: while the number of acetylcholine receptors increases 5-16-fold after denervation, calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites slightly diminish in number. These results are discussed in terms of the physiological significance of calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites on chick skeletal muscle membrane.
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PMID:Characterization and developmental evolution of a high-affinity binding site for calcitonin gene-related peptide on chick skeletal muscle membrane. 165 62

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is present in the stomach, and exogenous CGRP stimulates gastric somatostatin release. A study was undertaken to elucidate the functional linkage between CGRP and somatostatin in the stomach. Newborn Wistar rats were made CGRP deficient by intraperitoneal injection of capsaicin 2 days after birth, and then 2.5 mo later, release of CGRP and somatostatin was examined by vascular perfusion of the isolated stomach. In CGRP-deficient rats, neither the content nor basal secretion of gastric somatostatin differed from that in normal rats, and although none of several secretagogues induced CGRP secretion, the somatostatin response to glucagon was well preserved, indicating the presence of normally functioning D cells. On the other hand, arterial infusion of capsaicin significantly increased the release of not only CGRP but also somatostatin from the stomach of normal rats. In CGRP-deficient rats, however, capsaicin produced no corresponding effect. Finally, human CGRP-(8-37), a CGRP-receptor antagonist, completely inhibited the increase of gastric somatostatin induced by both rat alpha-CGRP and capsaicin infusion in normal rats. Thus the capsaicin-induced increase of somatostatin release appears to be mediated by CGRP in the stomach.
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PMID:Linkage between capsaicin-stimulated calcitonin gene-related peptide and somatostatin release in rat stomach. 168 66

The distribution and localization of several neuropeptides were investigated in the lichenified lesions of 11 patients with atopic dermatitis using indirect immunofluorescence. Substance P-positive nerve fibres were observed in most of the cases of atopic dermatitis, but not in normal controls. Somatostatin immunoreactive nerves were not found in the skin of atopic dermatitis, whereas a normal pattern of immunoreactivity could be detected in most of the healthy subjects. Neuropeptide Y-positive dendritic epidermal cells were observed in lesional skin from patients with atopic dermatitis, but not in controls. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity in patients with atopic dermatitis did not differ from that in healthy subjects. With galanin antiserum a diffuse intracellular staining was observed in the epidermis of both atopic patients and controls, while no positive staining was found with either neurotensin or neurokinin A antibodies in either group. These findings suggest a possible involvement of some neuropeptides in the pathomechanisms of atopic dermatitis.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in skin from patients with atopic dermatitis: an immunohistochemical study. 169 5

Substance P and somatostatin may be transmitters of nociceptive information, which are involved in the transmission of pressure and heat nociceptive information, respectively, in the spinal dorsal horn. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, which is present in the primary sensory neurons having substance P or somatostatin, may function as a pain-promoting substance and be involved in the production of inflammation-induced hyperalgesia. The descending noradrenergic system plays a role in inhibiting nociceptive transmission in the spinal dorsal horn, and inhibits the release of substance P evoked by noxious mechanical stimulation. Persistent noxious stimuli increase the release of Met-enkephalin from the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, which promotes the activity of the descending noradrenergic system. Morphine activates the descending noradrenergic system, acting on the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. Morphine also activates the descending serotonergic system, which inhibits the release of somatostatin evoked by thermal noxious stimulation.
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PMID:[Neuropeptide-mediated transmission of nociceptive information and its regulation. Novel mechanisms of analgesics]. 170 78

The presence of calcitonin and somatostatin immunoreactive cells has been determined in semithin sections of human bone and bone marrow samples by immunocytochemical techniques. Calcitonin and somatostatin immunoreactive cells were demonstrated at the interface between bone and bone marrow, in close contact with vessels. It has also been shown that exogenous calcitonin and somatostatin affect the ligand-receptor internalisation, depress the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into acid-insoluble material, and exert opposite effects on 35S-methionine incorporation to proteins of bone marrow cells in vitro. The evidence for calcium-dependent action of calcitonin and somatostatin on bone marrow cells has been presented. The regulatory role of calcitonin and somatostatin in bone marrow hemopoiesis is suggested and the implication of these findings for local hormonal regulation of hemopoiesis and bone structure is discussed.
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PMID:Calcitonin and somatostatin immunoreactive cells are present in human bone marrow and bone marrow cells are responsive to calcitonin and somatostatin. 171 Sep 93


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