UNIPROT:P61278 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report the first demonstration of an Aldosterone Secretion Inhibitory Factor (ASIF) in acid extracts of bovine adrenal medulla. Following separation from catecholamines and enkephalins, this factor leads to an 80% inhibition of PGE1-stimulated secretion of aldosterone from bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa. ASIF is retained on cation exchange gels and behaves as a small 5K-dalton peptide on Sephadex G-50. This factor cross-reacts in a radio-receptor assay for [125I] atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). ASIF is distinct from all neuropeptides formerly detected in the adrenal medulla, e.g. somatostatin, enkephalin, neuropeptide Y, dynorphin, neurotensin. In the adrenal gland, this ANF-like factor is predominantly found in the medulla (4 pmol/mg protein), with only trace amounts in the cortex (0.1 pmol/mg protein). ASIF might perhaps correspond to the endogenous ligand for the receptor sites that we have previously identified with [125I]ANF in bovine adrenal cortex and could contribute to the formerly reported attenuating influence of the adrenal medulla on mineralocorticoid production.
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PMID:Identification of aldosterone secretion inhibitory factor in bovine adrenal medulla. 315 46

Intrathecal (IT) injection of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in rats caused a transient (less than 30 min), dose-related paralysis of the hindlimbs, loss of hindlimb and tail nociceptive responsiveness, and increased mean arterial pressure. Motor dysfunction was produced with comparable potency by lysine vasopressin (LVP) and arginine vasotocin (AVT); oxytocin (OXY) was approximately 1000 times less potent. Paralysis induced by these peptides was selectively blocked following IT pretreatment with 0.5 nmoles of the vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist [1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid), 2-(O-methyl)tyrosine] Arg8-vasopressin (d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me2)]AVP). Pressor and antinociceptive responses to AVP were also blocked by this compound. However, at higher doses (2-5 nmoles, IT), d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me2)]AVP produced hindlimb paralysis, antinociception, and pressor responses by itself. In contrast to the fiber degeneration, cell loss, and necrosis found in lumbosacral cords of rats persistently paralyzed by other peptides (dynorphin A, somatostatin, and ICI 174864), neuropathological changes were not evident in spinal cords of rats transiently paralyzed by IT AVP. These results indicate that AVP-related peptides affected diverse spinal cord functions through interactions with a V1-like receptor. The similar pattern of cardiovascular and antinociceptive responses to other peptides (dynorphin A, somatostatin, and ICI 174864), which also caused hindlimb paralysis, suggests that the former responses may actually reflect the nonselective consequences of a peptide-induced disruption of spinal cord function, rather than specific shared pharmacological effects.
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PMID:Hindlimb paralytic effects of arginine vasopressin and related peptides following spinal subarachnoid injection in the rat. 324 52

Two closely related Cl(-)-activated arginyl aminopeptidases (I and II) were purified from a soluble extract of postmortem human cerebral cortex by anion-exchange chromatography and preparative gel electrophoresis. The electrophoretic mobility of II was approximately 80% that of I; the molecular mass of both enzymes was approximately 70 kilodaltons (kDa) (gel filtration). The aminopeptidase action of I and II on aminoacyl-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) substrates was restricted to the Arg and Lys derivatives. Both enzymes had significant endopeptidase activity, hydrolysing several biologically active peptides including neurotensin, bradykinin, angiotensin-I, substance P, luliberin, and somatostatin at internal bonds. Other peptides [Leu-enkephalin, proctolin, thyroliberin, adrenocorticotropin18-39 (ACTH18-39), ACTH11-24, and dynorphin (1-13)] were not appreciably hydrolysed. The amino- and endopeptidase activities had pH optima at 6.5 and 7, respectively, and were both inhibited by metal ion chelators and sulphydryl group blocking agents. The aminopeptidase activity was stimulated 20-fold by Cl- ions, whereas the endopeptidase activity was unaffected by the latter. Km values for neurotensin degradation were 20 microM (I) and 37 microM (II) and for Arg-AMC hydrolysis they were 167 microM (I) and 125 microM (II). The endopeptidase activity was not inhibited by the aminopeptidase inhibitors arphamenine or bestatin (IC50 = 9 nM and 0.1 microM, respectively, with Arg-AMC substrate).
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PMID:Purification and characterization of two soluble Cl(-)-activated arginyl aminopeptidases from human brain and their endopeptidase action on neuropeptides. 265 16

The dispersed neuroendocrine (NE) system is represented in the bronchopulmonary tract by submucosal nerves and ganglion cells and, in the mucosal lining by solitary NE cells and neuroepithalial bodies (NEB's). The latter two components variably express pan-NE markers including NSE, chromogranin (s) and, notably, synaptophysin. The expression of serotonin, bombesin, calcitonin and leu-enkephalin has been well established; additional eutopic materials include somatostatin and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Solitary NE cells and NEB's are epithelial structures as defined by their consistent cytokeratin expression. Hyperplasia and dysplasia of NE cells may be found in association with various forms of chronic injury; they have been noted in chronic bronchiectasis and in the vicinity of neoplasms of various types. Hyperplastic and dysplastic pulmonary NE cells frequently express ectopic materials particularly ACTH. NE neoplasms of the bronchopulmonary tract comprice a spectrum that includes a) carcinoids, b) well differentiated NE carcinomas, c) intermediate cell NE carcinomas and d) small cell NE carcinomas. The precise pathologic criteria defining these entities are discussed in detail as are their clinical implications. The entire spectrum of lung NE neoplasms express NE markers demonstrable by immunocytochemistry; these include pan-NE markers, serotonin and numerous neuropeptides. The expression of multiple hormonal materials is frequent. Within any given tumor, some variation in expression may be noted in different sites and in different periods of the "normal" or therapeutically modified lifespan of the tumor. The entire spectrum of lung NE neoplasms is epithelial for they express cytokeratin polypeptides and desmoplakin; subsets of the tumors coexpress cytokeratins and neurofilament proteins. Also, subsets of these NE neoplasms may be immunostained with monoclonal antibodies to antigens related to exocrine phenotype suggesting focal amphicrine features.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical evaluation of neuroendocrine cells and neoplasms of the lung. 329 Aug 68

Immunohistochemistry of peptide- and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-(DBH)-containing varicose nerve fibres and ganglion cells, respectively, in the guinea pig inferior mesenteric ganglion was investigated following a) transsection of mesenteric (colonic) branches, b) transsection of central (lumbar splanchnic, intermesenteric and hypogastric) branches, and c) transplantation into the spleen. The findings indicate that pathways of different opioid peptides are not identical. Met-enkephalin- and met-enkephalin-arg-phe- (cleavage products from pre-proenkephalin) containing fibres course in central branches to make contact in the inferior mesenteric ganglion. Dynorphin- and alpha-neo-endorphin- (deriving from pre-prodynorphin) containing fibres as well as leu-enkephalin- (included in the dynorphin sequence) fibres appear to rise not only from central and from enteric somata, but also from intraganglionic noradrenergic neurons. Similar pathways seem to be used by VIP- and by neurotensin-immunoreactive fibres, although intraganglionic neurotensin-immunoreactive cell bodies are rare. Practically all substance P- and most CGRP-immunoreactive fibres enter the ganglion via central branches and, to a large extent, traverse it, but some CGRP-immunoreactive influx appears to come from the intestine. The origin of intraganglionic substance P- and CGRP-immunoreactive fibres after ganglion transplantation remained unidentified. Somatostatin- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibres predominantly have an intraganglionic origin as have DBH-immunoreactive noradrenergic fibres. The demonstrated alterations in neuropeptide immunoreactivity of intraganglionic and periganglionic nerve fibres following the applied transsection procedures contribute to the present knowledge on origin and destination of peptidergic transmitter segments in the guinea pig inferior mesenteric ganglion. Moreover, the present study provides evidence that intrinsic participation in intraganglionic fibre supply is more extensive than hitherto believed.
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PMID:Immunohistochemistry of biogenic polypeptides in nerve cells and fibres of the guinea pig inferior mesenteric ganglion after perturbations. 336 35

A study has been made of the involvement of spinal peptidergic neurons in ascending tracts at lumbar-sacral levels in rats, by combining the retrograde transport of a protein-gold complex with immunocytochemistry. Ten neuropeptides have been considered for their presence in the cells of origin of the following six ascending tracts, including some involved in pain transmission: the spinosolitary tract, the medial and lateral spinoreticular tracts, the spinomesencephalic tract, the spinothalamic tract and the postsynaptic dorsal column tract. Although there was overlap in the distribution of several of the types of peptidergic cells and some ascending tract cells only a very small percentage of long ascending tract cells were found to contain neuropeptides. Most (90%) of those peptidergic ascending tract cells, however, were clearly congregated in two distinct spinal regions: the lateral spinal nucleus and the region surrounding the central canal (including lamina X). Ascending tract cells in both of these regions contained a wide variety of neuropeptides. Immunoreactivities for a total of seven different peptides were seen. The lateral spinal nucleus had the highest percentage of neuropeptide containing ascending tract cells; cells of all the four populations of peptidergic neurons lying in this region were involved in supraspinal projections; they stained for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, bombesin, substance P or dynorphin and their axons projected in the spinomesencephalic, spinoreticular and spinosolitary tracts. The region surrounding the central canal contained bombesin-, enkephalin-, cholecystokinin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive ascending tract cells; these cells were found at the origin of the spinothalamic, spinomesencephalic, spinoreticular and spinosolitary tracts. In this region only the cells staining for substance P were not involved in supraspinal projections. The peptidergic ascending tract cells in other spinal regions were few; they were found in either lamina I or lateral part of lamina V. Ascending tract lamina I cells reacted for dynorphin or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and their axons projected in the spinosolitary and spinomesencephalic tracts. Ascending tract lamina V cells reacted for somatostatin and were found at the origin of the medial component of the spinoreticular tract. It is proposed that peptidergic ascending tract cells form minor but distinct subgroups within each ascending tract. Each of the ascending tracts are divisible into peptide- and nonpeptide-containing groups of cells which convey information in a parallel fashion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:neuropeptides in long ascending spinal tract cells in the rat: evidence for parallel processing of ascending information. 336 49

Bombesin-like immunoreactivity (BLI), a putative peptidergic neurotransmitter of the gastrointestinal intrinsic nervous system is released from the isolated perfused rat stomach in response to the classical neurotransmitter acetylcholine and in response to other putative peptidergic neurotransmitters such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) or growth hormone releasing factor (GRF). The secretion of BLI is modulated not only by gastric factors such as the intragastric pH but also by changes of perfusate glucose concentrations indicating that alterations of carbohydrate metabolism might have an effect on gastric neuroendocrine regulation. Since previous studies have shown that insulin, the major regulatory hormone of glucose metabolism, reduces gastric somatostatin and glucagon secretion it was of interest to determine the effect of insulin on gastric BLI and gastrin secretion. The experiments were performed in the isolated perfused rat stomach model. The addition of porcine insulin to the perfusate at concentrations of 50 and 100 microU/ml had no effect on basal BLI and gastrin secretion. The infusion of acetylcholine (2 X 10(-6)M and 4 X 10(-6)M) elicited a stimulation of BLI and gastrin secretion which was not altered by the addition of insulin (100 microU/ml). On the other hand, significant effects of insulin were observed during administration of the two putative peptidergic neurotransmitters VIP and leu-enkephalin. The infusion of VIP at 10(-11)M and 10(-8)M had no effect on BLI and gastrin secretion in the absence of insulin, however, with the addition of insulin (100 microU/ml) the higher dose of VIP (10(-8)M) elicited a significant stimulation of BLI secretion while both doses of VIP (10(-11)M and 10(-8)M) significantly increased gastrin release. Similar to VIP the infusion of leu-enkephalin at doses of 10(-9)M and 10(-6)M had no effect on BLI and gastrin secretion in the absence of insulin. When insulin was added to the perfusate both doses of leu-enkephalin elicited a significant stimulation of BLI secretion while gastrin remained unchanged. The addition of the specific opiate receptor antagonist naloxone (10(-5)M) did not block the effect of leu-enkephalin in the presence of insulin. In addition the effect of naloxone was also examined during cholinergic stimulation. The addition of naloxone (10(-5)M) during the infusion of acetylcholine abolished the stimulatory effect on BLI secretion in the absence of insulin, whereas in the presence of insulin naloxone did not alter cholinergically-induced BLI secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of insulin on secretion of bombesin-like immunoreactivity and gastrin from the isolated rat stomach in response to acetylcholine, VIP and leucine-enkephalin. 351 44

The distributions within the coeliac ganglion of different chemically coded subgroups of noradrenaline neurons, and the relationships between these neurons and nerve fibres projecting to the ganglion from the intestine, have been assessed quantitatively by use of an immunohistochemical double-staining method. Noradrenaline (NA) neurons made up 99% of all cell bodies. Of these, 21% were also reactive for somatostatin (NA/SOM neurons), 53% were also reactive for NPY (NA/NPY neurons), and 26% were not reactive for either peptide. NA neurons without reactivity for any of the peptides whose localization was tested have been designated NA/-. A small percentage, about 1%, of neurons were reactive for both NPY and SOM. The three major types of NA neurons were arranged in clumps or ribbons throughout the ganglia, with a tendency for NA/SOM neurons to be medial and NA/NPY neurons to be lateral in the ganglia. A small group of neurons (less than 1%) encoded with dynorphin, NPY and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was encountered. VIP-immunoreactive nerve terminals, projecting to the ganglion from cell bodies in the intestine, ended around NA/SOM and NA/- neurons but not around NA/NPY neurons. Thus, the VIP axons from the intestine end selectively around neurons that modify intestinal function (NA/SOM and NA/- neurons) but not around neurons, the terminals of which supply blood vessels (NA/NPY neurons).
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PMID:Distribution of subgroups of noradrenaline neurons in the coeliac ganglion of the guinea-pig. 351

A tabular synopsis is presented for articles concerned with the effects of peptides on the central nervous system that appeared in the journal Peptides from 1980-1985. A table arranged alphabetically by peptide and one arranged by effects, both listing routes of injection, species, direction of change, and qualifying notes, provides easy cross-referencing of peptides and their effects. Over 80 peptides and over 135 effects are listed. The list of peptides includes, but is not limited to: ACTH, angiotensin, bombesin, bradykinin, calcitonin, casomorphin, CCK, ceruletide, CGRP, CRF, dermorphin, DSIP, dynorphin, endorphins, enkephalins, GRF, gastrin, LHRH, litorin, metkephamid, MIF-l, motilin, MSH, NPY, NT, oxytocin, ranatensin, sauvagine, substances P and K, somatostatin, TRH, VIP, vasopressin, and vasotocin. The list of effects includes, but is not limited to: aggression, alcohol, analgesia, attention, avoidance, behavior, cardiovascular regulation, catalepsy, conditioned behavior, convulsions, dopamine binding and metabolism, discrimination, drinking, EEG, exploration, feeding, fever, gastric secretion, GI motility, grooming, learning, locomotor behavior, mating, memory, neuronal activity, open field, operant behavior, rearing, respiration, satiety, scratching, seizure, sleep, stereotypy, temperature, thermoregulation and tolerance.
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PMID:Central nervous system effects of peptides, 1980-1985: a cross-listing of peptides and their central actions from the first six years of the journal Peptides. 353 8

The patterns of colocalization of neuropeptides, catecholamines, and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes were examined in principal neurons and nerve terminals in guinea pig paracervical ganglia using a double-labeling immunohistochemical procedure. A small proportion of nerve cell bodies (less than 10%) had the characteristics of catecholamine-synthesizing neurons and presumably were noradrenergic. Another 50% of the nerve cell bodies contained immunoreactivity (IR) to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), but did not have any other characteristics of noradrenergic neurons; they did not contain detectable catecholamines, or IR to dopa decarboxylase (DDC) or tyrosine (TH) hydroxylase, nor did they take up exogenous catecholamines. Half of the catecholamine neurons had neuropeptide Y (NPY)-IR, and a small number (0.5% total neurons) had somatostatin (Som)-IR. Most of the non-noradrenergic neurons with DBH-IR (40-50% total neurons) contained IR for dynorphin (Dyn), NPY, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and about half of them (20-25% total) also contained Som-IR. Ten to twenty percent of neurons contained IR to Som, but not to any other antigen examined here. Nerve terminals with substance P (SP)-IR or enkephalin (Enk)-IR were prominent in all ganglia. SP-IR fibers formed dense baskets only around those neurons with DBH/Dyn/NPY/VIP (+/- Som)-IR, while fibers with very bright Enk-IR were associated selectively with those neurons with Som-IR alone. In addition, most TH-IR nerve cell bodies were surrounded by NPY-IR varicose nerve fibers. In conclusion, this analysis of combinations of peptides and enzymes contained in principal neurons of the paracervical ganglia allows us to identify as many as 11 different neuron populations. The functional significance of the presence of the same neuropeptide (e.g., NPY) in different neuron populations is as yet unknown. Some of these classes of neurons are associated specifically with immunohistochemically distinct types of presynaptic nerve fibers, which suggests that different immunohistochemically defined classes of neurons represent different functional pathways.
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PMID:Neuronal colocalization of peptides, catecholamines, and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in guinea pig paracervical ganglia. 366 19

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