Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 60 year old man developed steatorrhoea, weight loss, mild diabetes mellitus, labile hypertension and limb cramps. Raised plasma concentrations of catecholamines, particularly noradrenaline and a computed tomography-scan showing an adrenal tumour strongly suggested a pheochromocytoma. Adrenoreceptor blockade reversed the symptoms, decreased faecal fat, and increased duodenal trypsin to normal concentrations. After adrenalectomy the patient was asymptomatic and there was no steatorrhoea. The blood glucose concentrations became normal. Immunocytochemistry revealed the tumour cells to store large amounts of enkephalin and somatostatin reactive material and moderate amounts of immunoreactive beta-endorphin and dynorphin.
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PMID:A mixed endocrine adrenal tumour causing steatorrhoea. 289 May 60

The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (ntdl) contains a cluster of cells located just medial to the locus coeruleus in the pontine brainstem. The ntdl has been shown to project both rostrally to the forebrain and diencephalon and caudally to the spinal cord. In an effort to characterize this region neurochemically, the present study was conducted to identify a variety of neurochemicals localized within perikarya and fibers of the ntdl and surrounding nuclei. Rats were perfused with formalin, and brain sections were processed for fluorescence immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Of the neurochemicals screened, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), cholecystokinin (CCK), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), dynorphin B (Dyn B), galanin, somatostatin, substance P, neurotensin (NT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), serotonin (5HT), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied. AChE and ChAT staining revealed that the ntdl contains mostly cholinergic neurons. In addition, brightly reactive substance P and galanin and paler staining CRF, ANF, CGRP, NT, VIP, and Dyn B cell bodies were found within the ntdl. Varicose fibers in this nucleus also contained these peptides in addition to CCK, GAD, TH, 5HT, and NPY. The dorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, and the parabrachial region contained a dense and varied assortment of peptides with distinct positions and patterns. This multiplicity of neurochemicals within this area suggests a possible influence on a variety of functions modulated by the ntdl and other closely associated tegmental nuclei.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of peptides and other neurochemicals in the rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and adjacent area. 289 81

We determined the effects on nociceptive threshold and motor function of dynorphin-gene products, dynorphin A-(1-32) (DYN A-(1-32), DYN A-(1-8), DYN B and DYN B-29 and the non-opioid peptides somatostatin, neurotensin and salmon calcitonin (s-CT) after intrathecal administration in the rat. DYN A-(1-32) (25 nmol) produced maximal elevation of tail-flick latency accompanied by severe hind limb paralysis and tail flaccidity lasting 6 h and still present at 24 h in several animals. Antinociception evaluated by the vocalization test wore off within 2 h. A lower dose of the peptide (6.25 nmol) did not alter the tail-flick reflex and motor function but significantly elevated the vocalization threshold. The other dynorphins showed weaker, short-lasting activity on the nociceptive threshold, the order of potency being as follows: DYN B-29 greater than DYN B greater than DYN A-(1-8). On the other hand, at the high doses DYN B (100 nmol) and DYN B-29 (50 and 100 nmol) caused moderately severe hind limb paralysis whereas DYN A-(1-8) did not cause any motor impairment up to the dose of 100 nmol. MR 1452, a relatively preferential antagonist of the kappa opioid receptor, prevented both the antinociceptive and motor effects of dynorphins. Intrathecal somatostatin (25 nmol) had a profile of activity superimposable on that of DYN A-(1-32): long-lasting (up to 24 h) elevation of tail-flick latency with hind limb paralysis, and a shorter (4 h) elevation of the vocalization threshold. MR 1452 did not modify these effects. Intrathecal neurotensin (25 nmol) and s-CT (0.5 nmol) did not alter tail-flick latency or vocalization threshold. However, adopting the hot plate as the analgesimetric test, both peptides elevated the time of hind paw licking, taken as an index of nociception. No signs of motor dysfunction were observed at the doses employed.
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PMID:Distinguishable effects of intrathecal dynorphins, somatostatin, neurotensin and s-calcitonin on nociception and motor function in the rat. 290 71

Immunohistologic localization of tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and selected neuropeptides (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)/bombesin, substance P, Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin, dynorphin B, neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin) was used to investigate the innervation of the small bowel in a rat model of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Paravascular mesenteric nerves (extrinsic) and intramural nerves of chronically (12-18 month) diabetic rats were characterized by the presence of numerous, markedly swollen dystrophic axons which stained intensely for TOH and DBH. The peptidergic complement of axons, however, showed no evidence of comparable dystrophic axonopathy.
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PMID:Effects of chronic experimental streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of the rat alimentary tract. 290 98

Neurotensin, neuromedin N and xenopsin induced a monophasic and concentration-dependent contraction of the intact guinea pig oesophagus but kinetensin was without effect. The responses were completely abolished by tetrodotoxin and atropine but were unaffected by hexamethonium. The maximum response induced by neurotensin was reduced (20-30%) by somatostatin and by dynorphin-(1-13) in a naloxone-reversible manner. Neurotensin did not contract the isolated muscularis mucosae. The effects of neurotensin-related peptides on the motility of the oesophagus are mediated exclusively through the release of acetylcholine.
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PMID:Effects of neurotensin-related peptides on the motility of the guinea pig oesophagus. 290 6

The differentiation of intracerebral and intraspinal transplants of fetal (E14-E15) rat spinal cord was studied to determine the extent to which myelin-free zones in these embryonic grafts exhibit cytological features and immunocytochemical characteristics of the substantia gelatinosa (SG) of the normal spinal cord. Immunocytochemical staining with antiserum to myelin basic protein (MBP) revealed myelin-free areas of varying proportions within fetal spinal cord grafts. These regions were identified in both newborn and adult recipients regardless of whether donor tissue was grafted to heterotopic (intracerebral) or homotopic (intraspinal) sites. As in the SG of the intact spinal cord, the myelin-free regions consisted mainly of small (7-15 microns) diameter neurons. At the ultrastructural level, these cells were surrounded by a neuropil composed of numerous small caliber, unmyelinated axons and intermediate-sized dendrites. Synaptic terminals in these areas were primarily characterized by the presence of clear, round vesicles, although granular vesicles were occasionally found within these terminals. Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated met- and leu-enkephalin-, neurotensin-, substance P-, and somatostatin-like immunoreactive elements within these myelin-free areas. Thus, regions within embryonic spinal cord grafts undergo some topographical differentiation which parallels that of the normal superficial dorsal horn. The presence of SG-like regions illustrates the potential capacity of fetal spinal cord transplants for replacing some intraspinal neuronal populations at the site of a spinal cord injury in neonatal and adult animals. These graft regions may serve as a source of intersegmental projection neurons or establish an extensive intrinsic circuitry similar to that seen in the normal SG. In addition, the definition of these areas provides a useful model to study the innervation patterns of host axons that typically project to the substantia gelatinosa of the normal spinal cord.
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PMID:Differentiation of substantia gelatinosa-like regions in intraspinal and intracerebral transplants of embryonic spinal cord tissue in the rat. 291 47

We studied five cases of central nervous system neuronal tumor, one gangliocytoma and four gangliogliomas, both ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically, using antibodies to neuroendocrine markers including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serotonin (5HT), somatostatin (SOM), met-enkephalin (MEK), leu-enkephalin (LEK), substance P (SP), gastrin, vasopressin, oxytocin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, adrenocorticotropic hormone and calcitonin. In all cases, the presence of dense-core vesicles (60-250 nm) in the neuronal elements was the characteristic ultrastructural finding. Synapses were observed in two cases. Immunohistochemically, variable numbers of neuronal cells showed positive staining for SOM in five cases, TH, MEK and LEK in three cases, and 5HT and SP in one case each. The others were negative. Positive immunoreactivity for multiple markers was shown in all cases. SOM, TH, 5HT and SP were present in the small- to medium-sized cells, while MEK and LEK were almost exclusively confined to the large cells. Our study clearly indicated that these tumors contained neuronal cells which were not homogeneous with regard to neuroendocrine markers.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine markers in central nervous system neuronal tumors (gangliocytoma and ganglioglioma). 292 88

Neuroendocrine (NE) neoplasms of the human bronchopulmonary tract were examined by electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and gel electrophoresis of cytoskeletal proteins from microdissected tissue samples. All samples (carcinoids, well-differentiated NE carcinoma, NE carcinomas of intermediate type, NE carcinomas of the small cell type) contained significant numbers of cells that immunostained for one or more of the following neuroendocrine markers tested: bombesin, calcitonin, ACTH, leu-enkephalin, gastrin, serotonin, somatostatin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, vasoactive intestinal peptide, glucagon, insulin, substance P, and neuron-specific enolase. Electron microscopy revealed typical NE cell features, including variable abundant and frequently heterogeneous neurosecretory granules. Tumor cells contained filaments specifically stained with different conventional and monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratins and displayed punctate plasma membrane staining with antibodies to desmoplakins, in agreement with the electron microscopic demonstration of tonofilament bundles and desmosomes. Immunocytochemistry for NE markers and cytoskeletal proteins on consecutive sections revealed both cytokeratins and neuroendocrine substances in single cells. Using gel electrophoresis of cytoskeletal proteins of tissue regions extracted with high salt buffer and detergent, we could detect, in the tumors tested, appreciable amounts of cytokeratin polypeptides 8, 18, and 19, i.e., major cytokeratins also found in certain other lung carcinomas such as adenocarcinomas. Tumor cells were not significantly stained with antibodies to other intermediate filament proteins such as vimentin, desmin, glial filament protein, and neurofilament protein. The results show that NE substances can be synthesized in cells containing a typical epithelial cytoskeleton, i.e., cytokeratin filaments and desmosomes. These findings support the notion of an epithelial character of these tumors and appear in contrast with recent reports that neurofilaments are the only type of intermediate filaments present in carcinoids and other pulmonary NE tumors. These observations may have important implications for the histogenesis of NE carcinomas and for diagnostic pathology.
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PMID:Coexpression of neuroendocrine markers and epithelial cytoskeletal proteins in bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. 298 72

Eighteen head and neck paragangliomas were studied by light microscopy and light microscopic immunohistochemistry by the peroxidase technique for the presence of NSE (neuron-specific enolase), serotonin, and a battery of neuropeptides. Seven of these tumors were also studied by electron microscopy. All 18 cases demonstrated immunostaining for NSE; 10 of the 11 carotid body tumors had immunostaining for multiple hormones. Considering all 18 cases, the most frequently demonstrated hormonal substances were in order: serotonin, leu-enkephalin, gastrin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin, bombesin, calcitonin, and alpha MSH. In several tumors, adjacent-step sections stained for different hormonal substances strongly suggested reactivity for more than one hormone in given tumor cells. By electron microscopy, all 7 cases studied displayed considerable heterogeneity of the neurosecretory granules with respect to size, shape, and electron density. This demonstrated that branchiomeric paragangliomas are capable of producing a spectrum of neuropeptides in addition to their known amine content. The presence of immunoreactive serotonin in most of these neoplasms was confirmed. In addition to these findings, neurofibrils within the substance of carotid body paragangliomas demonstrated immunoreactivity for somatostatin and a gastrinlike neuropeptide. The significance of the neuropeptides in these neoplasms and their possible presence and role in normal and hyperplastic paraganglia remain to be defined.
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PMID:Paragangliomas of the head and neck: ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis. 300 85

Neither submucous ganglia, nor intestinal secretomotor reflexes are mentioned in the majority of the textbooks of physiology; because it has been realized only very recently that the submucous neurons may have important influences on whole body water and electrolyte balance. In the present review, we trace the rapid progress that has been made in determining the physiological properties of submucous neurons with known chemistry and projections in the guinea-pig small intestine, and we analyze how the work relates to studies in vivo of the neuronal control of intestinal trans-epithelial fluid transport. Four types of submucous neurons, which appear to be the full complement in the guinea-pig small intestine, have been identified through electrophysiological and histochemical analysis. (1) Cholinergic secretomotor neurons contain immunoreactivity for choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), cholecystokinin (CCK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), and in the majority of cases galanin (GAL); these neurons project to the mucosal epithelium. (2) Non-cholinergic secretomotor neurons contain dynorphin (DYN), GAL and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP); these neurons project to the mucosa and provide collaterals to submucous arterioles. (3) Cholinergic interneurons contain ChAT alone; these neurons connect with the secretomotor neurons. (4) Presumed sensory neurons contain ChAT and substance P (SP) and have nerve endings in the mucosa. The two groups of secretomotor neurons receive cholinergic synaptic inputs from both myenteric and submucous ganglia. In addition, the DYN/GAL/VIP neurons receive sympathetic inhibitory inputs as well as inhibitory and non-cholinergic excitatory inputs from myenteric ganglia. The ChAT/SP nerve cells in submucous ganglia receive no or very ineffective inputs. From these data, from experiments on transmission from the neurons to the intestinal epithelium, and from studies of secretomotor reflexes in vivo, a correlated functional and structural circuitry of the submucous ganglia and their connections has been deduced. It is concluded that secretomotor reflexes are stimulated by the contents of the lumen during the digestion and absorption of food and that these reflexes cause a proportion of water and electrolytes that are absorbed with nutrients such as glucose to be returned to the lumen. The balance of absorption and secretion of water and electrolytes is controlled by sympathetic inhibitory inputs to secretomotor neurons, the activity in sympathetic pathways being varied to contribute to whole body water and electrolyte balance.
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PMID:Correlated electrophysiological and histochemical studies of submucous neurons and their contribution to understanding enteric neural circuits. 306 10


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