Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Knowledge about the distribution and origins of peptide-containing nerves in the innervated and transplanted heart is lacking. Immunohistochemical and histochemical techniques were used to visualize human cardiac innervation before and after transplantation. In the recipient heart cardiac nerve fibers and fascicles displayed immunoreactivity for general neural (protein gene product 9.5 and synaptophysin) and Schwann cell markers (S-100). A major proportion of cardiac nerves displayed neuropeptide tyrosine and tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence staining. Subpopulations of nerves contained somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P- or neurokinin-like immunoreactivity, and acetylcholinesterase activity. Tissues from cardiac allografts (5 weeks to 63 months after transplantation) contained nerves and ganglion cells that were acetylcholinesterase positive and immunoreactive for the general neural markers. These nerves were less numerous than in recipient hearts and rarely displayed neuropeptide immunostaining. Atrial natriuretic peptide immunoreactivity was localized to myocardial cells in transplanted hearts as well as explanted recipient and postmortem hearts. While most human cardiac allografts remain functionally extrinsically denervated, they appear to contain viable intrinsic nerves, and myocardial cells retain the capacity to produce atrial natriuretic peptide.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical demonstration of human cardiac innervation before and after transplantation. 231 94

Several non-opioid regulatory peptides have been described in normal human skin localized both in neural fibres and in cellular elements. These include substance P, neurokinin A, neurotensin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, peptide histidine methionine, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, galanin and atrial natriuretic peptide. In the present review the morphological aspects and distribution of peptidergic nerves in normal human skin are presented. The main functional roles on nociception, pruritus, cutaneous blood flow and sweat production are discussed in regard to neuropeptides. The relationships between neuropeptides, mast-cells and neurogenic inflammation are discussed in detail. Pathological conditions are reported in which an alteration in the peptidergic control might be of importance in their pathogenesis. Some working hypothesis are discussed.
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PMID:[Neuropeptides and the skin: morphological, functional and physiopathological aspects]. 268 Sep 14

In order to elucidate the mechanism of postoperative intestinal dysfunction and the effects of Dachengqui Decoction (DCQD) on it, somatostatin (SS), gastrin (GAS), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), motilin (MOT) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were determined, frequency and spectrum of peristaltic sound were simultaneously analyzed in 31 subjects undergoing cholecystectomy, the value of pre-, post-operation and post-medication were compared. Plasma SS and MOT decreased postoperatively (P < 0.05), DCQD elevated SS and MOT to higher level than preoperation, VIP, SP increased for half fold (P < 0.05). Gurgling sound diminished after operation, whereas DCQD normalized it. Peak frequency (Fmax) of gurgling ranging from 234.4 to 468.2 Hz preoperatively, mean frequency (FA) was 341.8 +/- 30.9 Hz postoperatively. FA reduced to 322.3 +/- 79.4, DCQD elevated it to 374.2 +/- 57.1 Hz. The result suggested that intestinal motility was disturbed after cholecystectomy, bowel was in dystonic status, accompanying with decreased plasma MOT, DCQD promoted intestinal peristalsis and enhanced it's tonus. The influence of gut peptides might be one of the important pathway that DCQD works.
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PMID:[Effects of dachengqi decoction on gut hormones and intestinal movement after cholecystectomy]. 753 83

Natriuretic peptides inhibit the release and action of many hormones through cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), but the mechanism of cGMP action is unclear. In frog ventricular muscle and guinea-pig hippocampal neurons, cGMP inhibits voltage-activated Ca2+ currents by stimulating phosphodiesterase activity and reducing intracellular cyclic AMP; however, this mechanism is not involved in the action of cGMP on other channels or on Ca2+ channels in other cells. Natriuretic peptide receptors in the rat pituitary also stimulate guanylyl cyclase activity but inhibit secretion by increasing membrane conductance to potassium. In an electrophysiological study on rat pituitary tumour cells, we identified the large-conductance, calcium- and voltage-activated potassium channels (BK) as the primary target of another inhibitory neuropeptide, somatostatin. Here we report that atrial natriuretic peptide also stimulates BK channel activity in GH4C1 cells through protein dephosphorylation. Unlike somatostatin, however, the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on BK channel activity is preceded by a rapid and potent stimulation of cGMP production and requires cGMP-dependent protein kinase activity. Protein phosphatase activation by cGMP-dependent kinase could explain the inhibitory effects of natriuretic peptides on electrical excitability and the antagonism of cGMP and cAMP in many systems.
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PMID:Potassium channel stimulation by natriuretic peptides through cGMP-dependent dephosphorylation. 767 99

To study the relationship between somatostatin (SS), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), beta-endorphin (beta-EP), aldosterone (Aldo) and pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), blood was collected from 69 cases, including non-pregnant women, normal pregnant women, patients with PIH and their newborns (umbilical arteries) and plasma levels of ANP, SS, beta-EP, Aldo were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results indicated that ANP, SS beta-EP and Aldo levels either during normal pregnancy or at delivery were significantly higher than those in non-pregnant women. ANP, SS and beta-EP levels in last trimester of patients with PIH, particular in severe cases, were significantly higher than those in normal pregnancy or moderate PIH whereas Aldo levels were lower in PIH when compared with normal pregnancy. A positive correlation between ANP, SS levels and the severity of PIH was observed. Levels of ANP, SS, beta-EP and Aldo in newborns were higher than those in mothers at delivery. Levels of ANP and SS in neonates born to mother of PIH were much higher, whereas beta-EP and Aldo were lower as compared with normal pregnancy. The conclusion is that high levels of ANP and Aldo during pregnancy may play an important role in stabilizing blood pressure and maintaining the balance of water and electrolyte. Therefore it could be used as an index for prediction of PIH.
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PMID:[Relation between somatostatin, atrial natriuretic peptide, beta-endorphin, aldosterone and pregnancy induced hypertension]. 790 29

The effects of somatostatin and atrial natriuretic peptide applied topically to the ventral surface of the medulla (VMS) on tracheal tone and phrenic nerve activity (Phr) were studied in chloralose-anesthetized and paralyzed cats artificially ventilated with 7% CO2 in O2. Surface application of drugs to the chemosensitive areas of the VMS significantly decreased tracheal tension measured by changes in pressure in a balloon placed in a bypassed segment of the trachea (Ptseg). Application of somatostatin (9 cats) caused a mean decrease in Ptseg from 17.3 +/- 1.8 (SE) to 4.3 +/- 1.4 cmH2O (P < 0.01) and a reduction in Phr from 24.9 +/- 3.4 to 10.3 +/- 3.4 units (P < 0.05). Like somatostatin, application of atrial natriuretic peptide to the VMS (5 cats) produced tracheal relaxation (Ptseg decreased from 19.3 +/- 2.6 to 9.9 +/- 1.3 cmH2O, P < 0.01), but in contrast there was an insignificant reduction in Phr (from 18.5 +/- 3.6 to 16.1 +/- 3.8 units, P > 0.05). When parasympathetic activity was abolished by atropine methylnitrate and tracheal tone was restored with 5-hydroxytryptamine, somatostatin and atrial natriuretic peptide applied on the VMS had no effect on tracheal pressure, suggesting that observed changes were not caused by direct action of peptides on tracheal smooth muscle via the bloodstream or by facilitation of inhibitory pathways. Both somatostatin and atrial natriuretic peptide applications were associated with a slight but significant decrease in arterial blood pressure. These data suggest that somatostatin and atrial natriuretic peptide acting on the chemosensitive structure of the VMS may play significant roles in modulating para-sympathetic outflow to airway smooth muscle.
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PMID:Central effects of somatostatin and atrial natriuretic peptide on tracheal tone. 790 23

Renin-like activity (RLA) and angiotensin I-converting enzyme-like activity (ACELA), two key enzymes of the renin-angiotensin cascade (RAS), were sought in the dogfish rectal gland. RLA was 1.1 +/- 0.2 ng Ang I/mg protein/hr after incubation with porcine angiotensinogen and 0.8 +/- 0.1 ng Ang I/mg protein/hr after incubation with homologous plasma. ACELA was 7.22 +/- 1.08 and 8.87 +/- 1.9 nmol hippurate generated/min/mg protein respectively, at 0 and 37 degrees. The presence of these enzymes may indicate the presence of an endogenous RAS-like system in the rectal gland. Angiotensin II (Ang II) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) binding sites were demonstrated autoradiographically in the subcapsular region of the gland, suggesting a possible interaction of the two hormones in the blind outer ends of the rectal gland tubules. Immunoreactivities toward Ang II, ANP, bombesin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), glucagon, and somatostatin were differentially localized in the rectal gland within three concentric zones with potentially different functional activities. In the capsule, there was a strong positive ir-glucagon reaction and a slightly weaker reaction for ir-somatostatin and VIP. In the blind outer ends of the tubules (in the subcapsular zone), strong immunoreactivity was present toward all the tested peptides except glucagon and somatostatin. In the inner zone and in the central canal, only a weak immunoreactivity toward Ang II and glucagon was observed.
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PMID:Renin-like activity, angiotensin I-converting enzyme-like activity, and osmoregulatory peptides in the dogfish rectal gland. 790 83

The biosynthesis of aldosterone in the adrenal zona glomerulosa is influenced by a number of factors of which the main physiological regulator is the octapeptide, angiotensin II (AII). Sodium restriction increases plasma aldosterone, adrenal glomerulosa AII receptors and the activity of enzymes of the early and late aldosterone biosynthetic pathway. The effects of sodium restriction are mimicked by prolonged administration of low doses of AII, and prevented by blockade of AII formation using converting enzyme inhibitors, indicating that the effects of sodium restriction are mediated by AII. However, the adrenal glomerulotrophic actions of AII are impaired in rats on high sodium diet indicating that other factors are modulating the effects of AII in these conditions. A number of factors are known to influence aldosterone secretion, several of which have been shown to preferentially modulate the effect of AII. While the stimulatory effect of AII is potentiated by serotonin or increases in extracellular potassium, it is inhibited by dopamine, somatostatin and atrial natriuretic peptide. Future investigations will be important to understand the relative role of the individual regulators in the physiological control of adrenal sensitivity to AII, and how activation of various intracellular messenger systems results in changes in activity of the enzymes of the aldosterone biosynthetic pathway.
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PMID:Factors controlling steroid biosynthesis in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal. 848 39

The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), which receives visceral afferent information from the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and taste systems, contains multiple neurotransmitters and neuropeptides throughout its rostral to caudal extent. The neurotransmitters and neuropeptides immunoreactivity is located predominately in varicose fibers and small puncta throughout the neuropil. In addition, immunoreactive NTS neurons for a variety of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are present in subnuclear regions. The neuroactive substances localized immunohistochemically in the NTS include acetylcholine, the neuropeptides, substance P, methionine- and leucine-enkephalin, beta-endorphin, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, galanin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, somatostatin, FMRMamide, neuropeptide Y, angiotensin II, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, vasopressin, oxytocin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, the catecholamines, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, histamine and the amino acids, GABA and glutamate. The pattern of innervation for each neurotransmitter and neuropeptide is not homogeneously distributed throughout the NTS. Each substance has a unique pattern within the NTS as each subnuclear region contains different immunohistochemical staining patterns and densities of fibers. At the ultrastructural level both neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are present in synaptic terminals that are in contact with different parts of the neuronal membranes. Typically, the labeled terminals contain both small, clear vesicles and large, dense core vesicles with the exception of synaptic terminals containing acetylcholine, GABA and glutamate which do not typically have the large, dense core vesicles. The most frequent post-synaptic target are dendrites and spinous processes. Less frequently, synaptic contacts are present on the cell soma.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in the nucleus solitarius. 867 Jul 16

Low-voltage-activated T-type Ca2+ channels are present in most excitable tissues including the heart (mainly pacemaker cells), smooth muscle, central and peripheral nervous systems, and endocrine tissues, but also in non-excitable cells, such as osteoblasts, fibroblasts, glial cells, etc. Although they comprise a slightly heterogeneous population, these channels share many defining characteristics: small conductance (< 10 pS), similar Ca2+ and Ba2+ permeabilities, slow deactivation, and a voltage-dependent inactivation rate. In addition, activation at low voltages, rapid inactivation, and blockade by Ni2+ are classical properties of T-type Ca2+ channels, which are less specific. T-type Ca2+ channels are weakly blocked by standard Ca2+ antagonists. Pharmacological blockers are scarce and often lack specificity and/or potency. The physiological modulation of T-type Ca2+ currents is complex: they are enhanced by endothelin-1, angiotensin II (AT1-receptor), ATP, and isoproterenol (cAMP-independent), but are reduced by angiotensin II (AT2-receptor), somatostatin and atrial natriuretic peptide. Norepinephrine enhances these currents in some cells but decreases them in others. T-type Ca2+ currents have many known or suggested physiological and pathophysiological roles in growth (protein synthesis, cell differentiation, and proliferation), neuronal firing regulation, some aspects of genetic hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, cardiac rhythm (normal and abnormal), and atherosclerosis. Mibefradil is a new Ca2+ antagonist that is effective in hypertension and angina pectoris. Its favorable pharmacological profile and limited side effects appear to be related to selective block of T-type Ca2+ channels: mibefradil reduces vascular resistance and heart rate without negative inotropy or neurohormonal stimulation, and it also has significant antiproliferative actions.
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PMID:T-type Ca2+ channels and pharmacological blockade: potential pathophysiological relevance. 951 67


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