Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study has been made of the nonpyramidal, local circuit neurons in developing and mature macaque monkey prefrontal cortex with Golgi and immunocytochemical techniques. The area chosen for study is located between the cingulate gyrus and the ventral bank of the principal sulcus, and contains areas 9 and 46 as described by Walker (J. Comp. Neurol. 73:59-86, '40). In Golgi studies, the unique axonal features of impregnated neurons made possible the identification of thirteen separate classes of local circuit neurons. Five of these cell types, in their general characteristics, resembled classes identified in human prefrontal cortex, as well as in other cortical areas of macaque monkeys and other species. Measurements of the scale of axon arbors and dendritic fields of the Golgi-stained local circuit neurons also suggested particular spatial relationships of certain classes to the scale of intrinsic lattice connections made by the axons of pyramidal neurons in the same region. Similarities in morphology between cells described in human prefrontal cortex and neuron varieties described in this study indicate that this region of monkey prefrontal cortex may serve as a useful model for neuron populations in human prefrontal cortex. Sufficient morphological detail was present in immunocytochemical studies to suggest one or more identifying biochemical characteristics for seven of the thirteen classes of local circuit neurons. The calcium binding proteins, parvalbumin, calbindin D-28K, and calretinin, were found in chandelier and wide arbor neurons, neurogliaform cells, and double bouquet neurons, respectively. In addition, cholecystokinin immunoreactivity was present in medium arbor neurons and in narrow arbor cells connecting layers 2 and 4. Somatostatin 28(1-12) immunoreactivity was detected in beaded axon neurons in layers 5 and 6. This biochemical characterization of local circuit neurons, although incomplete, confirms the separate identity of at least some of the varieties distinguished by Golgi morphology, and allows a start to be made on studies examining changes in their functional state. The general inhibitory nature of these interneurons suggests that they are likely to play a crucial role in determining patterns of neural activation in the prefrontal cortex.
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PMID:Local circuit neurons of developing and mature macaque prefrontal cortex: Golgi and immunocytochemical characteristics. 767 12

Material for the study came from one 126 day-old rhesus monkey fetus and two 3 day-old neonates. The immunocytochemical detection of somatostatin, neurotensin (NT), parvalbumin, calbindin D-28K, DARPP-32 as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and serotonin (5-HT), was carried out on serial cryostat sections of the entorhinal cortex. The authors reported in a previous paper the precocious differentiation of the entorhinal cortex in rhesus monkey fetuses and featured the conspicuous expression of calbindin D-28K, somatostatin, neurotensin, and the monoaminergic innervation during the first half of gestation. The present study shows distinct temporal profiles of neurochemical development during the second half of gestation: the dense neuropeptidergic innervation remained a constant feature; the three aminergic systems gradually increased in density; parvalbumin, unlike calbindin D-28K, was primarily expressed during the last quarter of gestation. Three other prominent features of the last quarter of gestation are illustrated: the refinement of the modular neurochemical organization of the lamina principalis externa, the delayed chemoanatomical development of the rhinal sulcus area, and the establishment of a distinct rostrocaudal pattern of neurochemical distribution. In correspondence with the cluster-like organization of the lamina principalis externa, the authors observed in the olfactory, rostral, and intermediate fields of the neonate monkey entorhinal cortex, a particular subset of pyramidal-shaped neurons: located in layer III, they were characterized by fasciculated apical dendrites ascending between the cellular islands of the discontinuous layer II and the coexpression of calbindin D-28K and DARPP-32. Besides, most of the other chemical systems displayed a distinct, area-specific, patchy distribution, except for the homogeneously distributed noradrenergic innervation. In the olfactory and rostral fields, TH positive dopaminergic fibers accumulated on the neuronal islands of layers II-III, and parvalbumin labeled fibers on those of layer III, whereas patches of 5-HT and NT-like reactive terminals were segregated between the cellular islands, overlapping the DARPP-32/calbindin D-28 K labeled dendritic bundles. At the opposite, in the intermediate field, 5-HT positive terminals overlapped the cellular islands of layer II and thin fascicles of dopaminergic fibers ran in the inter island spaces. The somatostatin-LIR innervation was apparently too dense to reveal a patchy distribution that existed at earlier developmental stages. In the caudal field, the patchy pattern was replaced by a predominant bilaminar type of distribution of NT, 5-HT, and TH-like positive afferents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurochemical development of the hippocampal region in the fetal rhesus monkey. II. Immunocytochemistry of peptides, calcium-binding proteins, DARPP-32, and monoamine innervation in the entorhinal cortex by the end of gestation. 791 99

Ischemia-induced striatal neurogenesis from progenitors in the adjacent subventricular zone (SVZ) in young and adult rodents has been reported. However, it has not been established whether the precursors that reside in the SVZ retain the capacity to produce the full range of striatal neurons that has been destroyed. By using a neonatal rat model of hypoxic/ischemic brain damage, we show here that virtually all of the newly produced striatal neurons are calretinin (CR)-immunoreactive (+), but not DARPP-32(+), calbindin-D-28K(+), parvalbumin(+), somatostatin(+), or choline acetyltransferase(+). Retroviral fate-mapping studies confirm that these newly born CR(+) neurons are indeed descendants of the SVZ. Our studies indicate that, although the postnatal SVZ has the capacity to produce a range of neurons, only a subset of this repertoire is manifested in the brain after injury.
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PMID:Neonatal hypoxic/ischemic brain injury induces production of calretinin-expressing interneurons in the striatum. 1872 Apr 78