Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nude mice bearing xenografts of MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cell line were treated for 4 weeks with AN-51, a somatostatin octapeptide analog D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH2 (RC-121) containing methotrexate attached to the alpha-amino group of D-Phe in position 1. Control groups of mice received saline, RC-121 or methotrexate. Drugs were given in equimolar doses by daily s.c. injections. After 7 days of treatment with 25 micrograms/day of AN-51, tumor growth was completely inhibited although the treatment had to be suspended because of toxic side effects, especially on the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by major weight loss of the animals. Mice were allowed to recover for 1 week and treatment was continued with 12.5 micrograms/day AN-51. After 2 weeks of additional therapy, tumor volume, percentage change in tumor volume, and tumor weights were significantly decreased, compared with controls, only in the group treated with AN-51. Methotrexate and RC-121 also inhibited tumor growth, but their effects were not statistically significant. AN-51 retained its hormonal activity and decreased serum growth hormone levels in mice. Binding affinity of AN-51 for somatostatin receptors on MIA PaCa-2 cells was found to be 2.5-times lower than that of parent compound RC-121. This is the first report on inhibition of human pancreatic cancer growth in vivo by somatostatin analogs carrying cytotoxic radicals.
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PMID:Cytotoxic analog of somatostatin containing methotrexate inhibits growth of MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer xenografts in nude mice. 131 46

The growth-inhibiting peptide hormone somatostatin stimulates phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity in the human pancreatic cell line MIA PaCa-2. This hormonal activation was mediated by a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanosine 5'-triphosphate-binding protein (G protein) in the membranes of these cells. Activation of this G protein by somatostatin stimulated the dephosphorylation of exogenous epidermal growth factor receptor prepared from A-431 cells in vitro. This pathway may mediate the antineoplastic action of somatostatin in these cells and in human tumors and could represent a general mechanism of G protein coupling that is utilized by normal cells in the hormonal control of cell growth.
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PMID:G protein activation of a hormone-stimulated phosphatase in human tumor cells. 135 Mar 82

Analogues of somatostatin (SS) and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) activate tyrosine phosphatases in MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cell line membranes and inhibit growth. We compared the substrates phosphorylated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) to those dephosphorylated by the SS analogue RC-160 (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Trp-NH2) and [D-Trp6]LH-RH in cancer cell lines such as MIA PaCa-2 (human pancreatic cancer), HCPC (hamster cheek pouch carcinoma), A-549 (human lung cancer), HT-29 (human colon cancer), and R3230AC (breast cancer). EGF phosphorylated proteins of 170, 65, and 60 kDa and analogues of SS and LH-RH promoted the dephosphorylation of these proteins in MIA PaCa-2 and HCPC cell lines. The EGF receptor is 170 kDa. pp60src (60 kDa) is known to be a substrate for EGF receptor. The LH-RH receptor is also 60 kDa. The effects of RC-160 and [D-Trp6]LH-RH were quantitatively different. Examinations of HT-29, A-549, and R3230AC cancer cell lines revealed no phosphorylation by EGF or dephosphorylation by RC-160 and [D-Trp6]LH-RH. In addition to the 170-, 65-, and 60-kDa proteins, 35-kDa proteins were also phosphorylated in some cancer cell lines. This work demonstrates that analogues of SS and LH-RH can reverse the effects of EGF biochemically as well as functionally.
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PMID:Effects of epidermal growth factor and analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin on phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of tyrosine residues of specific protein substrates in various tumors. 167 42

Pancreatic cancers overexpress tyrosine kinase and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) receptor (LH-RHR)-mediated tyrosine phosphatase. LH-RHR is a 60-kDa protein. One of the substrates of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity and LH-RH- and somatostatin-stimulated tyrosine phosphatase activity is also a 60-kDa protein. This suggests the possibility that LH-RHR regulation by tyrosine phosphatase and tyrosine kinase is mediated by (de)phosphorylation of existing LH-RHR. To test this hypothesis, membranes of MIA PaCa-2 cells, a human dedifferentiated pancreatic cancer cell line, were incubated without hormone (control) or with 0.1 microM EGF or somatostatin analogue RC-160 for 1 hr at 4 degrees C to phosphorylate the 60-kDa protein. Competition binding experiments with I125-labeled [D-Trp6]LH-RH by displacement with a nonradioactive ligand showed that the LH-RH binding in 69% of the points was increased by EGF and 85% was decreased by RC-160 compared with controls (n = 61; both significant, P less than 0.001). The specific binding was altered, increasing 50-150% after preincubation with EGF and decreasing 60-70% after RC-160. No change was seen in the binding affinity constant after pretreatment with EGF or RC-160. This shows that phosphorylation regulates binding of LH-RH and may explain the up-regulation by EGF and down-regulation by RC-160 and by LH-RH of the LH-RH response.
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PMID:Regulation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor binding by heterologous and autologous receptor-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation. 167 52

Several studies have reported effects of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides on growth of experimentally induced pancreatic neoplasms and human cancer cell lines. The growth of human pancreatic cancer lines PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 was characterized in vitro, and the effects of cholecystokinin, bombesin, insulin, epidermal growth factor, secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and somatostatin were determined. Fetal bovine serum was required for initiation of growth in both cell lines. Growth effects of peptides were determined by incubating cells with peptides in serum-free medium after a 72-h preincubation in 10% serum-supplemented medium alone. Epidermal growth factor (3.4 x 10(-9) M) and insulin (10(-6) M) significantly (p less than 0.001) increased growth of both cell lines as determined by increases in deoxyribonucleic acid and protein. Bombesin, secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and somatostatin (all 10(-8) M) did not affect growth of either cell line. Neither cholecystokinin-8 nor [Thr4, Nle7] cholecystokinin-9 altered growth in concentrations from 10(-12)-10(-6) M. Anchorage-dependent clonogenic growth of both cell lines was also not altered by cholecystokinin-8. Cholecystokinin added to cultures was degraded by separate effects of serum and cells. Addition of cholecystokinin-8 to cultures every 8 h maintained cholecystokinin levels but did not alter cell growth. These data support roles for epidermal growth factor and insulin as growth factors for human pancreatic cancer cell lines.
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PMID:Growth effects of regulatory peptides on human pancreatic cancer lines PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2. 218 57

A membrane receptor and a cytosolic receptor for somatostatin were found in a human undifferentiated pancreatic cancer cell line (MIA PaCa-2). Binding of somatostatin to this membrane receptor activates dephosphorylation of a phosphotyrosyl-membrane protein whose phosphorylation was promoted by epidermal growth factor (EGF). Vanadate, a purported inhibitor of dephosphorylation, interferes with the action of somatostatin. These findings suggest a possible biochemical mechanism by which somatostatin may inhibit the growth of human pancreatic cancers.
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PMID:Stimulation by somatostatin of dephosphorylation of membrane proteins in pancreatic cancer MIA PaCa-2 cell line. 285 31

Streptozotocin diabetes prevents induction of pancreatic tumors in several animal models, suggesting a pivotal role for islet cell products in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. To test the hypothesis that altered gastrointestinal peptide levels in streptozotocin diabetes influence tumor growth, human pancreatic cancer cells (MIA PaCa-2) were implanted subcutaneously into streptozotocin diabetic nude mice. After 3 weeks, tumors in the control group weighed 43 mg and tumors in the diabetic group weighed 12 mg (P < 0.001). Plasma insulin and IGF-1 levels were significantly decreased in the streptozotocin-treated animals compared to those of control (insulin: 23 microU/ml vs 31 microU/ml, P < 0.001; IGF-1: 254 ng/ml vs 324 ng/ml, P < 0.001). In contrast, somatostatin and glucagon were significantly elevated in the streptozotocin diabetic group relative to control levels (somatostatin: 179 pg/ml vs 54 pg/ml, P < 0.001; glucagon: 290 pg/ml vs 134 pg/ml, P < 0.001). Competitive binding studies revealed specific cell surface receptors for insulin (Kd = 15.5 nM), IGF-1 (Kd = 30.0 nM), and somatostatin (Kd = 2.5 nM) on the MIA PaCa-2 cells. Receptors for glucagon were absent. In an in vitro cell proliferation assay, cell division was promoted by insulin (P < 0.01, max + 11%) and IGF-1 (P < 0.01, max + 10%). Somatostatin inhibited cell division (P < 0.01, max - 18%). No effect was seen with glucagon. The growth of pancreatic cancer, particularly in diabetes, may be influenced by gut peptides in a receptor-dependent fashion.
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PMID:GI hormonal changes in diabetes influence pancreatic cancer growth. 779 56

Nude mice bearing xenografts of the MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cell line were treated with sustained-release formulations (microcapsules) of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonist [D-Trp6]-LH-RH, somatostatin analogue RC-160 (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Trp-NH2), or combination of both analogues. Other groups of mice received daily subcutaneous injections of LH-RH antagonist SB-75 [Ac-D-Nal(2)',D- Phe(4Cl)2,D-Pal(3)3,D-Cit6,D-Ala10-LH-RH] or bombesin antagonist RC-3095. At necropsy, in mice given microcapsules releasing 25 micrograms/day of [D-Trp6]-LH-RH, tumor weight and volume were decreased, but not significantly, as compared with control mice. Microcapsules of RC-160, releasing 25 micrograms/day, significantly reduced tumor volume, percentage change in tumor volume, and tumor weight. Combination of RC-160 and [D-Trp6]-LH-RH inhibited tumor growth to a somewhat greater extent than RC-160 alone. Bombesin antagonist RC-3095, at a dose of 25 micrograms/day, did not influence the growth of tumors. In mice receiving 100 micrograms/day of antagonist SB-75, there was a significant decrease in tumor weight and volume and a significant reduction in the weight of ovaries and uteri. Specific binding of [125I]RC-160 and [125I][D-Trp6]-LH-RH, but not [125I]Tyr4-bombesin, was found on MIA PaCa-2 cells in culture. [D-Trp6]-LH-RH, SB-75, and RC-160 inhibited the growth of MIA PaCa-2 cells in vitro. Neither bombesin nor RC-3095 influenced the growth of MIA PaCa-2 cells in cultures. The results indicate that the LH-RH antagonist SB-75 could be tried for treatment of pancreatic cancer. Our findings confirm the efficacy of somatostatin analogue RC-160 in inhibiting the growth of pancreatic cancers and suggest that the combination of RC-160 and agonist [D-Trp6]-LH-RH might possibly increase the therapeutic response.
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PMID:Somatostatin analogue RC-160 and LH-RH antagonist SB-75 inhibit growth of MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer xenografts in nude mice. 809 55

Somatostatin exerts diverse effects in various tissues upon binding its specific membrane receptors. Recently, we have cloned three different somatostatin receptor subtypes. Here we report the sequence and functional expression of a fourth and a fifth human somatostatin receptor subtype, termed hSSTR4 and hSSTR5, respectively. The hSSTR4 encodes a protein of 388 amino acids and the hSSTR5 is a protein of 364 amino acids. There is 42-60% identity among the amino acid sequences of the five human somatostatin receptor subtypes identified to date. RNA blotting studies reveal that the hSSTR4 is expressed as a single transcript of 4.8 kb in MIA PaCa-2 cells, a cell line derived from human pancreatic cancer while the hSSTR5 is undetectable in the tissues examined. The hSSTR4 and hSSTR5 transiently expressed in COS1 cells exhibit specific binding to somatostatin-14 with IC50 values of 1.6 and 0.16 nM, respectively. We also have characterized the binding affinity of various somatostatin analogues to the hSSTR4 and hSSTR5. The rank of the potency of the analogues are: somatostatin-14 = somatostatin-28 >> RC-160 >> SMS201-995 for the hSSTR4 and somatostatin-28 > somatostatin-14 >> RC-160 > SMS201-995 for the hSSTR5. These results suggest that diverse actions of somatostatin are mediated by at least five somatostatin receptor subtypes with potentially different function.
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PMID:Cloning, functional expression and pharmacological characterization of a fourth (hSSTR4) and a fifth (hSSTR5) human somatostatin receptor subtype. 837 20

To create cytotoxic hybrid analogs of somatostatin (SST), octapeptides RC-160 (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp- Lys-Val-Cys-Trp-NH2) and RC-121 (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp- Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH2) were linked to doxorubicin (DOX) or its superactive derivative, 2-pyrrolino-DOX (AN-201). The conjugation was performed by coupling N-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (N-Fmoc)-DOX-14-O-hemiglutarate or 2-pyrrolino-DOX-14-O-hemiglutarate to the amino terminus of [Lys(Fmoc)5]RC-160 yielding AN-163 and AN-258, respectively, after deprotection. The respective cytotoxic conjugates of RC-121 (AN-162 and AN-238) were prepared similarly. In vitro tests on human cancer cell lines-MKN-45 gastric cancer, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer, PC-3 prostate cancer, and MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer-demonstrated that the antiproliferative activity of the cytotoxic radicals in these conjugates was virtually retained. In H-345 human small cell lung carcinoma cell line, conjugates of RC-121 preserved the cytotoxic activity of their radicals, but the hybrids with RC-160 showed approximately 10 times lower activity. The ability of the carriers and the hybrids to inhibit the binding of 125I-labeled RC-160 to receptors for SST on rat pituitary membrane preparation was also determined. The cytotoxic conjugates inhibited 50% of the specific binding of the radioligand in the nanomolar concentration range (IC50 < 80 nM). When SST-like activities of AN-238 and its carrier, RC-121, were compared in the rat pituitary superfusion system, both compounds were found to suppress a stimulated growth hormone release at nanomolar concentrations. Preliminary studies in animal models of breast and prostate cancers showed that AN-238 is less toxic than AN-201 and more potent in inhibiting tumor growth. These highly active cytotoxic analogs of SST have been designed as targeted antitumor agents for the treatment of various cancers expressing receptors for SST octapeptides.
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PMID:Synthesis and biological evaluation of cytotoxic analogs of somatostatin containing doxorubicin or its intensely potent derivative, 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin. 946 96


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