Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To reveal neurones in the cat medulla oblongata involved in carotid baroreceptor/chemoreceptor reflexes, the distribution of c-Fos oncoprotein immunoreactivity was studied following electrical stimulation of the right carotid sinus nerve. The neurochemistry of the activated neurones was investigated using antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and glutamate. Nitric oxide containing neurones were identified using antiserum to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and by the histochemical localization of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase. Following sinus nerve stimulation numerous c-Fos-IR cells were detected both ipsilaterally and contralaterally in the nucleus tractus solitarii, the area postrema and throughout the ventrolateral medulla. Dual labelling studies revealed that 3.3% of c-Fos-immunoreactive cells in the nucleus tractus solitarii were also immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase. The double labelled cells were scattered within the medial and ventrolateral subnuclei, predominantly rostral to obex. A higher proportion (10.3%) of c-Fos-IR cells in the ventrolateral medulla also showed tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Caudal to obex, these were scattered in the reticular formation between the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the lateral reticular nucleus, while more rostrally they were found within the lateral reticular nucleus, the nucleus ambiguus and the lateral tegmental field. Cells expressing c-fos and reactive for glutamate, neuropeptide Y or NADPH-diaphorase (or NOS) were only rarely seen, and co-localization of c-Fos and somatostatin immunoreactivities was not seen. These results suggest that of the neurones forming pathways within the medulla activated on carotid sinus nerve stimulation, presumably mediating baro- and chemoreceptor reflexes, relatively few utilize catecholamines, glutamate, neuropeptide Y or nitric oxide as their transmitter substance.
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PMID:Co-localization of c-Fos and neurotransmitter immunoreactivities in the cat brain stem after carotid sinus nerve stimulation. 931 68

Recent studies dealing with the investigation of the afferent and efferent connections of the basal ganglia of amphibians have revealed many similarities with basal ganglia structures of amniotes. In a further step, the chemoarchitecture of basal ganglia of the frog Rana perezi has been investigated. For use as main markers of amphibian basal ganglia structures, antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P, and enkephalin were selected. Moreover, the distributions of nitric oxide synthase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry), calretinin, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, mesotocin, vasotocin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, neuropeptide FF, and serotonin were studied to corroborate a comparison with both basal ganglia and amygdaloid structures of amniotes. On the basis of connections and chemoarchitecture, a striatum proper, nucleus accumbens, dorsal and ventral pallidum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and amygdaloid complex have been identified. Accordingly, a new terminology is proposed that is in line with our current understanding of basal ganglia organization in amphibians.
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PMID:Basal ganglia organization in amphibians: chemoarchitecture. 951 19

The coexistence of S100beta with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was examined in the glossopharyngeal and vagal sensory ganglia. S100beta immunoreactive (-ir) neurons in the jugular and petrosal ganglia frequently colocalized CGRP- or SP-ir, whereas S100beta-ir neurons in the nodose ganglion infrequently contained CGRP- or SP-ir. No S100beta-ir neurons in the jugular and petrosal ganglia showed SOM-ir while the small number of SOM-ir neurons in the nodose ganglion colocalized S100beta-ir. Many neurons in the nodose ganglion colocalized S100beta-ir and NADPH-d activity, whereas S100beta-ir neurons in the jugular and nodose ganglia infrequently contained NADPH-d activity. S100beta- and TH-ir were frequently colocalized in nodose ganglion but not in petrosal or jugular ganglion neurons. These findings suggest relationships between S100beta and specific putative transmitters in functions of subpopulations of vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory neurons.
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PMID:Coexistence of s100beta and putative transmitter agents in vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory neurons of the rat. 968 88

The aim of the present study was to analyze the neurochemical properties of the centrifugal visual system (CVS) of the quail using an immunohistochemical approach by testing 16 neuropeptides (angiotensin: ANG, bradykinin: BK, cholecystokinin, dynorphin, L and M-enkephalin, beta-endorphin: beta-END, galanin, alpha-neoendorphin, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y (NPY), ocytocin, somatostatin, substance P, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) and three neurotransmitters or their synthetic enzymes (choline acetyltransferase: ChAT, tyrosine hydroxylase: TH, serotonin: 5-HT and nitric oxide synthase: NOS, including the histochemical nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase technique). For each substance, the somatic and afferent fiber and terminal labeling was analyzed within the nucleus isthmo-opticus (NIO) and the ectopic area (EA) and compared with that of retinopetal cell bodies labeled retrogradely with RITC following its intraocular injection (double-labeling procedure). The results showed that none of the centrifugal neurons were reactive to any of the substances tested. In contrast, all with the exception of ANG, BK and beta-END, labeled fibers and terminals within the EA and only four (ChAT, 5-HT, NPY and NOS) within the NIO. Possible sources of these immunoreactive fibers terminating in the NIO and EA were investigated by mapping the somatic immunolabeling of the different substances within brainstem regions previously shown by Miceli and other authors to project upon the centrifugal neurons. The data suggests that, besides the rapid retino-tecto-NIO-retinal loop, which facilitates the transfer of meaningful or more relevant information within particular portions of the visual field, the multiple afferent input which stems from various brainstem regions utilizes a wide range of neuroactive substances. Some of these afferent projections upon the centrifugal neurons appear to belong to nonspecific systems which might play a role in modulating the excitability of centrifugal neurons as a function of arousal.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of putative neuromodulators and transmitters in the centrifugal visual system of the quail (Coturnix japonica). 971 61

A new subdivision, the "marginal division" (MrD), was discovered at the caudal border of the striatum and surrounds the rostral edge of the globus pallidus in the rat brain in our previous studies. The neuronal somata of the MrD are mostly fusiform in shape with their long axes lining dorsoventrally. The MrD is more densely filled with substance P (SP)-, Leucine-enkephalin (L-Enk)-, dynorphin B-, neurotensin-, somatostatin- and cholecystokinin (CCK)-immunoreactive fibers and terminal-like structures than the rest of the striatum. The MrD was confirmed in the cat neostriatum as well. The present study intended to explore whether the MrD exists in the monkey neostriatum (putamen) with Nissl, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. A band of fusiform neurons were obviously identified at the caudomedial edge of the putamen. These neurons lie outside the lateral medullary lamina and indirectly surround the rostrolateral border of the globus pallidus. The abundance of SP-, L-Enk-, neuropeptide Y-, CCK-, dopamine- and serotonin-positive fibers and terminal-like structures with a few positive fusiform neurons accumulating at the caudomedial border of the putamen obviously distinguishes this zone from the rest of neostriatum and globus pallidus. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) positive and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) containing fusiform neurons are distinctly visualized in the same zone. The morphological figure and the location of these neurons, and the histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of this area coincide well with those of the MrD in the rat and cat striatum. This study thus convincingly identifies the existence of the MrD in the monkey neostriatum. It is fairly asserted that the MrD is a universal structure in the mammalian brain.
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PMID:A new subdivision, marginal division, in the neostriatum of the monkey brain. 1078 7

The histochemistry of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) and immunoreactivity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS-IR) can be demonstrated in various cell types of the vertebrate retina. In this study, we have focused on characterizing the different NADPH-d-positive amacrine cell types in turtle retina. Cryostat sections were examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy for double immunofluorescence with antibodies against nNOS and either GABA or glycine, or by combining histochemistry with immunocytochemistry to obtain triple labeling with NADPH-d, GABA, and glycine. Forty-eight percent of the NADPH-d-labeled amacrine cells colocalized GABA, 52% glycine. Here we show that two morphologically different types of amacrine cell are nNOS/glycine-IR and three types are nNOS/GABA-IR. Antibodies against calretinin, parvalbumin, somatostatin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and choline acetyltransferase did not colocalize with nNOS-IR or NADPH-d-labeled amacrine cells, but 15% of the NOS-labeled amacrine cells showed immunoreactivity against calbindin. Only GABA has been seen to colocalize with NADPH-d in amacrine cells in previous reports in other species. The finding here of glycine colocalizing with NO-containing cells is novel. We suggest that NO, apart from its well known function in gap junction regulation, can also modulate the release of both GABA and glycine in the turtle retina.
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PMID:Morphological and neurochemical diversity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive amacrine cells in the turtle retina. 1107 11

The gut of silver eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) was investigated in order to describe both the cholinergic and adrenergic intramural innervations, and the localization of possible accessory neuromediators. Histochemical reactions for the demonstration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form-(NADPH-)diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase (AChEase) were performed, as well as the immunohistochemical testing of tyrosine hydroxylase, met-enkephalin, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), bombesin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin, cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8), serotonin, cholineacetyl transferase. The results evidenced a different pattern in comparison with other vertebrates, namely mammals, and with other fish. Both NADPH-diaphorase and AChEase activities were histochemically detected all along the gut in the myenteric plexus, the inner musculature and the propria-submucosa. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was observed in the intestinal tract only, both in the myenteric plexus and in the inner musculature. Several neuropeptides (metenkephalin, CGRP, bombesin, substance P, VIP, NPY, somatostatin) were, in addition, detected in the intramural innervation; some of them also in epithelial cells of the diffuse endocrine system (met-enkephalin, substance P, NPY, somatostatin). Serotonin was only present in endocrine cells. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was present in localizations similar to those of NADPH-diaphorase-reactivity, and in the same nerve bundles in which substance P- and CGRP-like-immunoreactivities were detectable in the intestinal tract. In addition, NADPH-diaphorase-reactive neurons showed an anatomical relationship with AChEase-reactive nerve terminals, and a similar relationship existed between the latter and substance P-like immunoreactivity.
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PMID:Neurotransmitters and putative neuromodulators in the gut of Anguilla anguilla (L.). Localizations in the enteric nervous and endocrine systems. 1109 1

The ultrastructural features of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) -immunoreactive interneurons of rat nucleus accumbens shell and core were studied and compared. The NOS-containing subpopulation displayed characteristics similar to those previously described for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase-, neuropeptide Y, or somatostatin-containing striatal neurons, but also showed properties not previously associated with them, particularly the formation of both asymmetric and symmetric synaptic junctions. Inputs derived mainly from unlabeled terminals, but some contacts were made by NOS-immunolabeled terminals, by means of asymmetric synapses. Immunopositive endings that formed symmetric synapses were mainly onto dendritic shafts, whereas those that formed asymmetric synapses targeted spine heads. Morphometric analysis revealed that the core and shell NOS-stained neurons had subtly different innervation patterns and that immunostained terminals were significantly larger in the shell. A parallel investigation explored synaptic associations with dopaminergic innervation identified by labeling with an antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In both shell and core, TH-positive boutons formed symmetric synapses onto NOS-containing dendrites, and in the core, TH- and NOS-immunolabeled terminals converged on both a single spiny dendrite and a spine. These results suggest that, in the rat nucleus accumbens, NOS-containing neurons may be further partitioned into subtypes, with differing connectivities in shell and core regions. These NOS-containing neurons may be influenced by a dopaminergic input. Recent studies suggest that nitric oxide potentiates dopamine release and the current study identifies the medium-sized, densely spiny neurons as a possible site of such an interaction.
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PMID:Ultrastructural features of the nitric oxide synthase-containing interneurons in the nucleus accumbens and their relationship with tyrosine hydroxylase-containing terminals. 1116 96

We characterized morphologic and secretory properties of porcine pancreatic endocrine cells in primary culture obtained by autolytic preparation without any exogenous proteolytic enzymes. The endocrine cells exhibited a neuron-like shape, and insulin granules were accumulated at the terminal of the processes. Thus derived endocrine cells survived in culture medium containing nicotinamide and remained sensitive to glucose for at least 6 weeks after preparations. The cells responded well to physiologic concentrations of glucose, and high K+ depolarization and the antidiabetic sulfonylureas, tolbutamide, and glibenclamide also elicited the release. With high glucose, insulin release was markedly potentiated by forskolin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, and arginine and inhibited by somatostatin, the Ca2+ channel blocker nitrendipine, and the ATP-sensitive K+ channel opener diazoxide. Epinephrine had dual effects on the release by glucose; enhanced within a low nanomolar range and inhibited at 1 micromol/L. However, the cells were unresponsive to leucine. Such secretory sensitivities to nutrients, hormones, and pharmacologic agents, and long survival rate (as long as 5-6 weeks) of these cells suggest to us therefore that derived endocrine cells may be useful for xenotransplantation of pancreatic beta cells for treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Characterization of secretory and morphologic properties of primary cultured endocrine cells from porcine pancreata. 1124 67

During insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, islet invading immune cells destroy beta cells over a prolonged asymptomatic pre-diabetic period. Cytokines synthesised and secreted by specific immune cells within the islet infiltrate may be crucial effectors of beta cell destruction or protection during the disease. Interleukin-1beta may be a key cytokine which may act in concert with other cytokines in initiating and/or promoting beta cell destruction. We have examined this hypothesis in NOD mice by assessing the intra-islet expression and co-localization of interleukin-1beta at different time-points following cyclophosphamide administration. We have also tested the effects of long-term oral nicotinamide given to NOD mice in suppressing intra-islet expression of the cytokine in this accelerated model. Cyclophosphamide was administered to day 95 female NOD mice. Pancreatic tissues were examined by dual-label confocal immunofluorescence microscopy for the expression and co-localization of interleukin-1beta at days 0, 4, 7, 11 and at onset of diabetes (day 14). Diabetes developed in 7/11 mice 14 days after administration of cyclophosphamide while nicotinamide completely prevented the disease. At day 0, interleukin-1beta immunolabelling was observed in selective intra-islet macrophages, several somatostatin cells and in a few beta cells. However, at day 4, it was seen mostly in somatostatin and some beta cells. At day 7, an increasing number of interleukin-1beta cells were observed within the islets and co-localized to several somatostatin cells, beta cells and macrophages. The mean number of intra-islet interleukin-1beta cells reached a peak at day 11 and was significantly higher than at day 7 (p = 0.05) and at day 14 (onset of diabetes; p = 0.03). At day 11, interleukin-1beta immunolabelling was also present in selective macrophages which co-expressed inducible nitric oxide synthase. At onset of diabetes, some macrophages, residual beta cells and somatostatin cells showed immunolabelling for the cytokine. Exposure of NOD mice to oral nicotinamide was associated with a considerably reduced expression of interleukin-1beta cells within the islet at day 11 (p = 0.002). We conclude that cylophosphamide treatment enhances the expression of interleukin-1beta in selective macrophages, somatostatin and beta cells during the course of the disease. Its expression reaches a maximum immediately prior to onset of diabetes. Interleukin-1beta present in intra-islet macrophages, somatostatin and beta cells may influence its expression by autocrine and paracrine means. Interleukin-1beta expression within islet macrophages may also up-regulate inducible nitric oxide synthase within the same macrophage or adjacent macrophage populations. These intra-islet molecular events may corroborate with other local cytotoxic processes leading to beta cell destruction. Oral nicotinamide may attenuate intra-islet expression of interleukin-1beta and thus inducible nitric oxide synthase during prevention of Type 1 diabetes in this animal model. The expression of interleukin-1beta in specific islet endocrine cell-types shown in this study requires further investigation.
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PMID:Immunoexpression of interleukin-1beta in pancreatic islets of NOD mice during cyclophosphamide-accelerated diabetes: co-localization in macrophages and endocrine cells and its attenuation with oral nicotinamide. 1175 8


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