Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pancreatic beta-cell and gut regulatory peptide responses were investigated in 13 healthy elderly and 12 young subjects (control group) after a standard meal test. In addition to hyperinsulinemia and hypergastrinemia, we found lower basal and postprandial total integrated responses (TIR) for gastric inhibitory polypeptide and bombesin in the elderly group. The mean postprandial TIR for neurotensin (NT) was significantly higher in the aged subjects, but the somatostatin response was suppressed in this group.
 ...
PMID:Gut regulatory peptides and pancreatic beta-cell response to nutritional stimuli in the elderly. 198 70

The myenteric plexus of the stomach, midgut and hindgut of the red-eared turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, has been investigated for the occurrence of immunoreactivity to nine neuropeptides. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, bombesin (BOM)- as well as substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity (LI) were found in nerve fibres of all investigated gut regions. From all peptides investigated immunoreactivity for NPY was more pronounced. In the stomach NPY-LI was mainly found in the perikarya, while in the midgut region both NPY-immunoreactive (IR) somata and nerve fibres were revealed. The hindgut harboured few NPY-IR nerve cells and nerve fibres. A few SP-IR nerve cell bodies were observed in the stomach and midgut region. In the hindgut BOM-IR neuronal cell bodies were found. Neuromedin U (NMU)-LI was mainly observed in the stomach region, revealing both immunoreactive perikarya and nerve fibres. Immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, galanin and enkephalin could not be detected so far. Double labelling experiments revealed the coexistence of CGRP and SP in some nerve fibres in all three gut regions examined. Some SP-IR fibres in the midgut were immunoreactive for NMU.
 ...
PMID:The innervation of the gastrointestinal tract of a chelonian reptile, Pseudemys scripta elegans. II. Distribution of neuropeptides in the myenteric plexus. 202 91

During the past few years more than 30 novel, biologically active peptides have been discovered. Some are produced in endocrine glands and circulate as hormones in the blood; others are contained in the enterochromaffin cells of the gut and may be involved in the regulation of intestinal functions. The vast majority of new peptides, however, have been detected in the central and peripheral nervous systems, where they are synthesized in distinct neurons and stored in neurovesicles. Many of these neuropeptides may be involved in circulatory regulation. There is evidence supporting such a role, especially for centrally located angiotensin, opioid peptides, substance P, neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), kinins, corticotropin releasing factor, bombesin, and somatostatin. In this review we discuss the cardiovascular actions of angiotensin, neuropeptide Y, and calcitonin gene related peptide.
 ...
PMID:The role of neuropeptides in cardiovascular regulation. 203 31

A sensitive radioimmunoassay was developed for human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) in saliva and gastric juice. This method was sufficiently sensitive for an accurate measurement of hEGF in these biological fluids. The minimal detectable concentration of EGF was 30 ng/L. The imprecision profile of EGF standard curve had a CV less than 10% in the range of 0.1-3.0 micrograms/L. Serial dilution curves of saliva and gastric juice paralleled that of standard EGF. The antibody to hEGF showed no cross-reactivity with a large excess of growth factors, such as human transforming growth factor alpha, human insulin-like growth factor I, and platelet-derived growth factor (c-sis). No detectable cross-reactivity was observed with some biological gut peptides: somatostatin, gastrin, secretin or pancreatic polypeptide. The intra-assay CV for saliva and gastric juice was less than 10%, and the recoveries were 93.9 +/- 8.7% and 93.7 +/- 11.3%, respectively for saliva and gastric juice. Gel exclusion chromatography revealed hEGF-like substances, heterogeneous in size in saliva and gastric juice, the origins and physiological functions of which are unknown.
 ...
PMID:Radioimmunoassay of epidermal growth factor in human saliva and gastric juice. 204 84

In the mammalian intestine serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is present in high concentrations in the enterochromaffin cells. The release of 5-HT from the intestinal mucosa is regulated by a complex pattern of neuronal and humoral inputs to the enterochromaffin cells. The enterochromaffin cells appear to be endowed with different inhibitory (alpha 2-adrenoceptors, GABAA- and GABAB-receptors, histamine H3-receptors, receptors for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin) as well as stimulatory receptors (beta-adrenoceptors, muscarine and nicotine receptors). The physiological significance of this complex system of receptors is suggested by experiments which demonstrate that the respective intrinsic neurotransmitters (catecholamines, acetylcholine, GABA and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) released within the gut are involved in the regulation of the release of 5-HT from the enterochromaffin cells.
 ...
PMID:Regulation of serotonin release from the intestinal mucosa. 204 57

Hydrochloric acid is involved in the causation of peptic ulcer, but the exact role has not been defined. Suppression of acid secretion is associated with ulcer healing. The acid secreting cell is the parietal cell, which possesses a proton pump in the secretory membrane; morphologic changes accompany and facilitate the active secretion of hydrochloric acid. Stimulation of acid secretion occurs by three major pathways, which utilize acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin. The predominant effects of histamine are mediated by adenylate cyclase, whereas those of gastrin and acetylcholine involve cytosolic calcium. There is a complicated arrangement of receptors and pathways that culminate in the activation of the proton pump. The parietal cell is influenced by neurocrine, hormonal, and paracrine mechanisms. Peptides join the more familiar neurotransmitters in affecting the parietal cell. Somatostatin is present in the gut and acts to decrease acid secretion. The hormone gastrin is released, in a feedback fashion, when the antrum is alkalinized. Most stimuli of acid secretion are blocked by H2-antagonists. Inhibitory hormones are released when acid arrives in the intestine. Inhibition of acid secretion can be achieved by influencing the parietal cell at the level of histamine, gastrin, and muscarinic receptors. The proton pump itself can be blocked by drugs that inhibit the final phase of acid secretion.
 ...
PMID:Acid secretion and suppression. 207 93

The central action of peptides to influence GI motility in experimental animals is summarized in Table 1. TRH stimulates gastric, intestinal, and colonic contractility in rats and in several experimental species. A number of peptides including calcitonin, CGRP, neurotensin, NPY, and mu opioid peptides act centrally to induce a fasted MMC pattern of intestinal motility in fed animals while GRF and substance P shorten its duration. The dorsal vagal complex is site of action for TRH-, bombesin-, and somatostatin-induced stimulation of gastric contractility, and for CCK-, oxytocin- and substance P-induced decrease in gastric contractions or intraluminal pressure. The mechanisms through which TRH, bombesin, calcitonin, neurotensin, CCK, and oxytocin alter GI motility are vagally mediated. An involvement of central peptidergic neurons in the regulation of gut motility has recently been demonstrated in Aplysia, indicating that such regulatory mechanisms are important in the phylogenesis. Alterations of the pattern of GI motor activity are associated with functional changes in transit. TRH is so far the only centrally acting peptide stimulating simultaneously gastric, intestinal, and colonic transit in various animals species. Opioid peptides acting on mu receptor subtypes in the brain exert the opposite effect and inhibit concomitantly gastric, intestinal, and colonic transit. Bombesin and CRF were found to act centrally to inhibit gastric and intestinal transit and to stimulate colonic transit in the rat. The antitransit effect of calcitonin and CGRP is limited to the stomach and small intestine. The delay in GI transit is associated with reduced GI contractility for most of the peptides except central bombesin that increases GI motility. Nothing is known about brain sites through which these peptides act to alter gastric emptying and colonic transit. Regarding brain sites influencing intestinal transit, TRH-induced stimulation of intestinal transit in the rat is localized in the lateral and medial hypothalamus and medial septum. The periaqueductal gray matter is a responsive site for mu receptor agonist- and neurotensin-induced inhibition of intestinal transit. The neural pathways from the brain to the gut whereby these peptides express their stimulatory or inhibitory effects on GI transit is vagal dependent with the exception of calcitonin. It is not known whether the vagally mediated inhibition of GI transit by these peptides results from a decrease activity of vagal preganglionic fibers synapsing with excitatory myenteric neurons or an activation of vagal preganglionic neurons synapsing with inhibitory myenteric neurons. The lack of specific antagonists for these peptides has hampered the assessment of their physiological role.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Central nervous system action of peptides to influence gastrointestinal motor function. 210 14

A series of 267 gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumours has been revised from the point of view of histopathologic diagnosis, hormonal profile and clinical behaviour. Results of this investigation, together with revised concepts on the histogenesis of gastroenteropancreatic endocrine growths, allowed to develop detailed classification systems which proved useful for precise tumour diagnosis and for clinicopathologic correlation, with special reference to tumour function, prognosis and therapy. Among 132 pancreatic growths, various types of islet cell tumours (61 cases), with (45 cases) or without (16 cases) hyperfunctional syndrome, were separated from different types of gut-related (38 cases) and 'ectopic' (three cases) tumours, as well as from 25 non-functioning, locally symptomatic tumours, three small cell carcinomas and two mixed endocrine-exocrine tumours. Among 97 intestinal tumours, 39 argentaffin EC cell carcinoids, mostly from the appendix and ileum, were separated from 23 hindgut-type carcinoids, mostly from the rectum, 22 gastrin cell tumours, mainly from the duodenal bulb, five somatostatin cell tumours, mostly from the periampullary region of the duodenum, and two gangliocytic paragangliomas. Among 38 gastric tumours, five small cell 'neuroendocrine' carcinomas were separated from three gastrin cell tumours and 30 argyrophil carcinoids, 27 of which arose in the body fundus, 16 associated with chronic atrophic gastritis and four with combined Zollinger Ellison/Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome.
 ...
PMID:Classification and histogenesis of gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumours. 212 1

Somatostatin is a short-acting natural peptide secreted by specialized cells in the GI tract, the central and peripheral nervous systems, and a variety of other tissues. Its many actions include suppression of the secretion of GH, TSH, GI hormones, and inhibition of GI exocrine secretion. A long-acting analogue developed by Sandoz (Sandostatin, SMS 201-995) has been used to treat acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors. We report our experience with it in carcinoid tumors (4 cases), glucagonomas (2), gastrinoma (1), VIPoma (1) and nonfunctioning islet cell tumor (1). It was given by continuous subcutaneous infusion, using a small portable pump, in doses ranging from 300 to 1500 mcg/day, without significant side-effects. 7 of the 9 patients had complete relief of symptoms, and tumoral hormone secretion decreased in 4 of the 5 in whom it was measurable, but there was no evidence of tumor regression. SMS 201-995 is useful for the symptomatic treatment of patients with neuroendocrine gut tumors.
 ...
PMID:[Somatostatin analogue in the treatment of neuroendocrine gut tumors]. 217 25

The definitive treatment of a pancreatic tumour secreting vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is surgical removal of the tumour, but when curative resection is not possible symptomatic treatment of the endocrine hyperfunction is important. Streptozotozin, although relative effective for palliation, may involve unpleasant side effects. A review of the literature and a case report with long-term use of subcutaneous somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in an elderly woman presenting with severe watery diarrhoea due to a pancreative vipoma is presented. Good symptomatic improvement was achieved with no side effects apart from tachyphylaxy to some extent over a period of 12 months. It is suggested that there is a use for subcutaneous SMS 201-995 in elderly patients with inoperable pancreatic gut hormone producing tumours with metastasis and in those in whom surgery would involve a high operative risk. Two cases are presented, where SMS 201-995 resulted in shrinkage of tumour and metastases.
 ...
PMID:[The somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 in long-term treatment of vipoma]. 217 34


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>