Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 25-year-old homosexual man with a 2-year history of watery diarrhoea and a 20 kg weight loss is described. He had been diagnosed HIV-1 antibody positive 6 years previously. Investigations excluded opportunist pathogens and other known causes of diarrhoea. A range of anti-diarrhoeal medication had been unsuccessful. Plasma levels of gastrointestinal and pancreatic peptides were normal and treatment with the somatostatin analogue, octreotide, which inhibits release of pancreatic/gut peptides, did not provide any benefit. Cardiovascular autonomic function tests revealed blunted pressor responses but no other abnormalities. Gastric emptying studies with a technetium labelled meal indicated rapid gastric emptying time. This was slowed by the anticholinergic drug, atropine. This suggested increased parasympathetic activity to the gut. He was, therefore, treated with the anti-cholinergic agent, propantheline bromide, which reduced the frequency and volume of stools. He put on weight and has remained well since. This case highlights the diagnostic challenge in HIV-associated chronic diarrhoea, the case for investigations of autonomic function, and the need for a therapeutic trial of anticholinergic drugs, when other measures have failed.
 ...
PMID:Increased gut parasympathetic activity and chronic diarrhoea in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 142 96

A solitary cervical metastasis of a typical carcinoid tumor was found in the subcutaneous tissue of an asymptomatic 38-yr-old woman. Investigations failed to disclose the primary site until the 5th yr, when she presented with carcinoid syndrome. Multifocal ileal carcinoid tumors were resected and debulking of abdominal metastases performed. Interferon and somatostatin analogue treatment resulted in remission. Solitary cervical metastasis is an exceedingly rare initial manifestation of a mid-gut carcinoid tumor, and poses a therapeutic dilemma. There are no directions in the literature as to whether a "wait-and-see" approach or exploration surgery is the preferred management when one is confronted by a cervical metastasis of typical carcinoid tumor of unknown primary site.
 ...
PMID:Cervical soft tissue metastasis of typical carcinoid tumor preceding diagnosis of ileal primary by 4 years. 144 97

A 22 year old insulin dependent diabetic with high volume, secretory chronic diarrhoea refractory to standard andiarrhoeal drugs was treated with the somatostatin analogue octreotide, 50 micrograms twice daily by subcutaneous injection. She improved markedly with a decrease in mean stool weight from 1170 g/24 h range 440-2900 g) to 440 g/24 h (range 180-800 g) (p < 0.05). Stool frequency also decreased from six (range two to 12) to one (range one to three) bowel movements per day (p < 0.01). Mouth to caecum transit time increased from 45 minutes to > 210 minutes, although total gut transit time was unchanged and remained rapid at nine hours. Thus octreotide can reduce stool volume and frequency in high volume diabetic diarrhoea when conventional antidiarrhoeal agents have failed. Its therapeutic benefit appeared to be predominantly related to a marked increase in mouth to caecum transit time.
 ...
PMID:Effective treatment of diabetic diarrhoea with somatostatin analogue, octreotide. 145 87

Hypoxia in the setting of liver disease is often multifactorial. Obstructive or restrictive lung disease, pleural effusions, and tense ascites are common underlying disorders. Less often observed and frequently unrecognized is hypoxia related to diffuse intrapulmonary shunting--the hepatopulmonary syndrome. Its etiology is unknown but may result from disordered gut peptide metabolism. Symptoms may be ameliorated by somatostatin and reversed by successful liver transplantation. Here we report a patient with severe hepatopulmonary syndrome who failed somatostatin therapy and declined liver transplantation. On her own the patient took large daily doses of powdered garlic (Allium sativum). She has experienced partial palliation of her symptoms and some objective signs of improvement over 18 months of continuous self-medication. The possible effects of garlic's main physiologically active compound, allicin, on gut peptide metabolism and pulmonary vasculature are unknown. This innocuous compound may deserve further investigation given the limited therapeutic options for this disorder.
 ...
PMID:Ancient remedies revisited: does Allium sativum (garlic) palliate the hepatopulmonary syndrome? 147 73

Little is known about peptide-storing endocrine cells in the gut of the Nile crocodile. As in the case of other reptiles, particularly the alligator, a limited range of peptide-storing cells was found in the gut of the crocodile. They were somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, neurotensin and pancreatic polypeptide. The topographical distribution of cells immunoreactive to somatostatin and gastrin in the gut of the crocodile is comparable to the situation in the alligator. Glucagon and neurotensin immunoreactive cells have a much wider distribution in the gastro-intestinal tract of the crocodile compared to the alligator. Cholecystokinin and bombesin cells previously reported in the small intestine of the alligator were not detected in this study. This is the first report to demonstrate pancreatic polypeptide and serotonin immunoreactivity in the gut of a crocodilian specie.
 ...
PMID:Bioactive peptides and serotonin in the gut endocrine cells of the crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti 1768): an immunocytochemical study. 151 92

Somatostatin (SST) is widely distributed throughout the human gastrointestinal system. There, it is found in neurons and fibers of both the submucosal and myenteric plexus and the pancreas, and also in the D cells of the stomach, gut, and pancreatic islets. Whereas in the intestinal nervous system, duodenum, and pancreas, somatostatin-14 (SST-14) appears to be the predominant molecular form, the endocrine-type D cells of the intestine primarily contain somatostatin-28 (SST-28). SST peptides may act very differently at different sites, as hormones, paracrine substances, or neurotransmitters. Because of this complexity of action, very little is known about the physiological effects of SST in the gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, the pharmacological actions of natural synthetic SST have been thoroughly studied and have given rise to many therapeutic applications. Octreotide, an analogue with a longer half-life and higher potency, has greatly facilitated the clinical application of SST. This review deals with the pharmacological effects of octreotide on different gastrointestinal functions. The SST analogue exerts a long-lasting inhibitory action on gastric acid, pancreatic enzyme, bicarbonate secretion, and on bile flow. It also inhibits stimulated intestinal secretion, ie, the release of neuropeptides from the gut and pancreas. It can also prolong orocecum transit time and prevent gallbladder contraction. It inhibits absorption of nutrients and exerts inhibitory effects on splanchnic hemodynamics. It is because of these actions that SST has attracted so much attention in the treatment of different gastrointestinal disorders.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacodynamic effects of Sandostatin in the gastrointestinal tract. 151 30

The physiological regulation of intestinal proglucagon-derived peptide secretion has not been well studied. We have therefore used a fetal rat intestinal cell culture model to investigate the control of secretion of the gut glucagon-like immunoreactive (GLI) peptides by other intestinal regulatory peptides in vitro. Secretion of the intestinal GLI peptides was found to be stimulated in a dose-dependent fashion by the intestinal endocrine peptide, gastric inhibitory peptide (at greater than or equal to 10(-10) M, P less than 0.05), and by the neurocrine peptides, gastrin-releasing peptide (at greater than or equal to 10(-12) M, P less than 0.05), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (at greater than or equal to 10(-8) M, P less than 0.05). Gastrin-releasing peptide and its amphibian equivalent, bombesin were equipotent in stimulating GLI peptide secretion. In contrast, the endocrine and neurocrine intestinal somatostatin-related peptides, somatostatin-28 and -14, inhibited release of the GLI peptides, at concentrations of 10(-10) (P less than 0.01) and 10(-8) (P less than 0.01) M, respectively, with significant differences in potency between the two peptides detected at 10(-10) M (P less than 0.05). The inhibitory effects of both somatostatin-28 and -14 could be blocked by preincubation of the cells with pertussis toxin (P less than 0.05). Dose-dependent stimulation of gut GLI peptide secretion was also detected in response to treatment of cultured cells with sodium oleate (at 10(-4) M; P less than 0.05), or with the cholinergic agonist bethanecol (at greater than or equal to 100 microM; P less than 0.05). Other endocrine [cholecystokinin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1(1-37), glucagon-like peptide-1(7-37), glucagon-like peptide-2, neurotensin, and peptide YY] and neurocrine (vasoactive intestinal peptide) peptides, and the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, were without effect on secretion of the gut GLI peptides, at doses of 10(-12) to 10(-6) M. The results of the present study therefore demonstrate that secretion of the intestinal proglucagon-derived peptides is under the regulatory control of a wide variety of intestinal endocrine and neurocrine peptides, as well as nutrients (fats) and neurotransmitters (acetylcholine).
 ...
PMID:Regulation of intestinal proglucagon-derived peptide secretion by intestinal regulatory peptides. 167 88

Glucagon-like peptide-(17-36) amide [GLP-1-(7-36) amide] and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) are both products of the enteroglucagon cell. To examine the changes occurring during development, we analyzed by RIA the pancreatic concentrations of these two peptides in fetal and neonatal rats. The levels obtained were compared with those of the classical islet hormones, insulin, somatostatin, and glucagon. The total hormone content of the pancreas increased with age for insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. The amounts of GLP-1-(7-36) amide immunoreactivity (IR) and PYY, however, remained approximately constant in the 3-, 8-, and 30-day-old and adult pancreas. GLP-1-(7-36) amide IR showed only a single peak by gel chromatography, but further analysis by anion exchange chromatography showed that during the fetal period (-18 days) and 3 days postpartum GLP-1-(7-36) amide was the main product, whereas 30 days postpartum and in adult pancreas mainly GLP-1 and an intermediate form were found. Similar analyses of gut extracts revealed that only GLP-1-(7-36) amide is produced during intestinal development. The gut content of GLP-1-(7-36) amide IR and PYY IR increased approximately 100 times between the fetus and the 30-day-old rat. This study reveals a complex and specific regulation of posttranslational processing during maturation for these two peptides.
 ...
PMID:Developmental patterns of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide and peptide-YY in rat pancreas and gut. 167 27

Several neuropeptides known to alter gastrointestinal motility are present in milk. We investigated the effect of gastric administration of neurotensin, bombesin, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on gastrointestinal motility in suckling rats. We gavage fed 7- to 10-day-old rats with a meal consisting of 10 microliters/g of body weight of 0.9% NaCl with 51Cr tracer and one of the peptides (0, 0.1, 10, and 1,000 ng/ml). We estimated the rates of gastric emptying and the small intestinal transit from the distribution of the radioactivity in the gut. Approximately one-half of the counts emptied from the stomach in 15 min. Both gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were time dependent and were accelerated by metoclopramide and inhibited by butylscopolamine. Neurotensin 1 micrograms/ml accelerated the gastric emptying by 35% (p less than 0.02). Small intestinal transit was also accelerated (p less than 0.05). The other neuropeptides had no effect on gastric emptying and small intestinal transit. Neurotensin did not change either the gastric emptying or small intestinal transit in weaned rats, 40-50 days old, studied in the same manner. These data suggest that the intraluminal administration of neurotensin may increase gastrointestinal motility in suckling animals.
 ...
PMID:Oral neurotensin increases gastrointestinal transit in suckling rats. 168 Oct 45

The appearance of somatostatin (SOM)-immunoreactive (IR) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-IR neurons in different regions of the embryonic chicken gut was studied by immunostaining wholemounts. The patterns of expression of these peptides in myenteric neurons showed a number of similarities. Both peptides first appeared in the region of the proventriculus-gizzard: SOM at embryonic day (E)4, VIP at E5.5. At later times both peptides were found in positions both rostral and caudal to the gizzard. Both peptides appeared independently in cells at a second site, the cecum of the hindgut: SOM was observed at E6.5 and VIP at E7.5. VIP-IR and SOM-IR cells appear throughout the cecum, then in the rectum, and finally in the ileum. Differences in the patterns of expression were also found. SOM- and VIP-IR neurons appeared at different times along the length of the gut. VIP-IR cells populated the entire gut by E11.5, whereas SOM-IR cells were not present throughout the gut until E13.5. SOM-IR cells appeared in the terminal part of the ganglion of Remak at E4.0. At E6 these SOM-IR cells sent fibers into the wall of the hindgut and later into the midgut. No VIP-IR cells were found in the ganglion of Remak. These findings suggest that neural crest-derived cells first express SOM- and VIP-IR in particular regions of the gut, namely, the proventriculus-gizzard and the cecum. Certain conditions must exist at these sites which favor the expression of these neuropeptides by neural crest-derived cells. The observation of SOM- and VIP-IR cells in the cecum at a stage of development before cells are seen in the ileum supports the concept that sacral neural crest cells contribute precursors for enteric neurons of the avian hindgut.
 ...
PMID:Appearance of somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide along the developing chicken gut. 168 49


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>