Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The role of glucagon in diabetes was studied in four patients with juvenile-type diabetes during continuous insulin infusion and a diet containing 150 g per day of carbohydrate. During insulin alone, plasma glucagon, measured at two-hour intervals, averaged 182 +/- 34 pg per milliliter, glucose 269 +/- 11 mg per deciliter, glucose excretion 52 +/- 8 g per 24 hours, ketone excretion 1.3 +/- 0.3 mmol per 24 hours, and urea nitrogen 12 +/- 2 g per 24 hours (mean +/- S.E.M.). Somatostatin (2 mg per day) lowered glucagon to 60 +/- 13 pg per milliliter, glucose to 111 +/- 17 mg per deciliter, glucose excretion to 1 +/- 0.7 g per 24 hours, ketone excretion to 0.5 +/- 0.2 mmol per 24 hours and urea nitrogen excretion to 8 +/- 2 g per 24 hours. Replacement of glucagon raised glucagon to 272 +/- 30 pg per milliliter, glucose to 202 +/- 20 mg per deciliter, glucose excretion to 14 +/- 7 g per 24 hours, ketone excretion to 0.8 mmol per 24 hours and urea nitrogen excretion to 11 +/- 2 g per 24 hours. In a subsequent study, similar improvement occurred on a diet of 30 g of carbohydrate daily, when absorption of dietary glucose was negligible. Hyperglucagonemia has an important role in diabetes; its correction reduces diabetic abnormalities to or toward normal.
 ...
PMID:Hyperglucagonemia and its suppression. Importance in the metabolic control of diabetes. 68 75

The combined effect of continuous blockade of glucagon and cortisol by somatostatin and etomidate and thoracic epidural analgesia on hepatic conversion of amino nitrogen was studied in eight patients who underwent elective cholecystectomy on day 1 after operation and was compared with 16 patients who underwent operation without blockade. Surgery increased the plasma clearance of total alpha-amino nitrogen from 5.2 +/- 0.3 to 6.6 +/- 0.3 ml/sec (mean +/- sem; p less than 0.05). This increase was due to increased elimination by the liver, because the hepatic effectiveness for amino nitrogen conversion measured by the functional hepatic nitrogen clearance increased from 9 +/- 2 to 16 +/- 4 ml/sec (p less than 0.05). In contrast, during the combined neural and hormonal blockade, surgery decreased the plasma clearance of amino nitrogen from 5.3 +/- 0.3 to 3.9 +/- 0.3 ml/sec (p less than 0.05), and the blockade prevented the postoperative increase in functional hepatic nitrogen clearance. The results suggest that glucagon, cortisol, and afferent neural reflexes are mediators of the hepatic contribution to catabolism after operation.
 ...
PMID:Hormonal and neural blockade prevents the postoperative increase in amino acid clearance and urea synthesis. 135 Aug 68

Lithuania's environment is heavily polluted as a result of domestic and transboundary contamination. The main ecological problems are related to atmospheric pollution; water contamination; soil, water, and forest acidification; nitrogen-compounds overload of soil, water, and food; and contamination with agricultural chemicals and heavy metals. The increased environmental distress is a menace to public health in Lithuania. Experimental studies need to be designed and used to ascertain the effects of environmental distress on the gastrointestinal tract epithelial barrier. Our electronmicroscopic and immunohistochemical study of human gastrointestinal endocrine cells revealed changes in the amount of secretory material and intracytoplasmic vacuolization after exposure to the environmental chemicals such as hexavalent chromium and the herbicide Saprol. The most affected were the EC (serotonin, motilin, substance P), D (somatostatin), A (glucagon), B (insulin), and mast (histamine, serotonin, heparin) cells. These results provide ultrastructural evidence of digestive tract epithelial barrier reaction as an expression of environmental distress signals of the organism.
 ...
PMID:Environmental monitoring in Lithuania. Environmental distress signals: gastrointestinal epithelial barrier after exposure to chemical agents. 146 10

The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of prolonged infusion of growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29)NH2 (GRF) on plasma concentrations of hormones and metabolites when administered to control pigs and pigs immunized against somatostatin (SRIF). In the first experiment, eight purebred Yorkshire boars averaging 113 +/- 2 kg BW were immunized against SRIF conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) (n = 4) or BSA alone (n = 4). Somatotropin (ST) response to four rates of GRF infusion (0, 1.66, 5 and 15 ng/min/kg BW) for 6 hr was evaluated using a double balanced 4 x 4 Latin square design. During the 4 hr before infusion, SRIF-immunized animals tended (P = 0.06) to have a higher ST release (613 vs 316 ng.min/ml, SE = 232) than controls. During infusion, GRF elicited a dose-dependent increase in ST release in both squares; the ST response was not better in SRIF-immunized animals than in controls (P greater than 0.05) (1435 vs 880 ng.min/ml; SE = 597). In the second experiment, ten purebred Yorkshire boars (5 controls and 5 SRIF-immunized animals) averaging 69 +/- 2 kg BW were continuously infused with GRF at the rate of 15 ng/min/kg BW for six consecutive d. Under GRF infusion, ST concentrations increased (P less than 0.05) from 805 to 4768 ng.min/ml (SE = 507) from day 1 to day 6 in both SRIF-immunized and control animals. Prolactin levels increased (P less than 0.05) with GRF infusion; pattern of increase was different (P less than .01) overtime in control and SRIF-immunized animals. Thyroxine levels increased from 2.53 to 3.45 micrograms/dl (SE = 0.16) after six d of infusion. Insulin-like growth factor I was higher (P less than 0.05) before (139 vs 90 ng/ml; SE = 11) and during (222 vs 185 ng/ml; SE = 11) GRF infusion in SRIF-immunized animals. A transient increase (P less than 0.05) in glucose and insulin was observed in both groups. Immunization against SRIF had no effect on blood metabolites; however, GRF infusion increased free fatty acids from 157 to 204 microEq/l (SE = 11) and decreased blood urea nitrogen from 4.1 to 3.5 mmol/l (SE = 0.2) from day 1 to day 6, respectively. In summary, active immunization against SRIF in growing pigs increased ST and IGF-I concentrations. Infusion of GRF continuously raised ST levels with days of infusion without any sign of decrease responsiveness.
 ...
PMID:Effect of growth hormone-releasing factor infusion on somatotropin, prolactin, thyroxine, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I and blood metabolites in control and somatostatin-immunized growing pigs. 167 61

In a prospective trial 30 patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple operation) for cancer. They were randomly assigned to receive Somatostatin (SST) (n = 15) or not (n = 15). SST was started at laparotomy with 250 micrograms/h and given over a period of 5 days. A small catheter, which was placed into the duct of the pancreatic remnant, gave access to the pancreatic juice. Volume, amylase, lipase and protein as well as bicarbonate outputs were analyzed. As regards endocrine function, insulin and glucagon plasma levels were measured. The nitrogen balance was calculated. A stimulation test was done on the fifth postoperative day. Six patients (3/3) were assessed as drop-outs. A significant reduction was found for volume, amylase, lipase, protein and bicarbonate with SST, this effect lasting for two days. Lipase however was reduced significantly for 5 days. Pancreatic exocrine function was reduced as well after stimulation, if SST was given. Insulin and glucagon were inhibited with SST, the latter more effectively. We found a positive nitrogen-balance as early as on the second postoperative day in the SST-group, whereas without SST this did not occur before the fourth postoperative day. This findings were significant on the third and fourth postoperative day. The inhibitoric effects of SST, which are demonstrated by our laboratory investigations, conform very well with a more favorable clinical course and a reduction of perioperative morbidity and mortality.
 ...
PMID:[Effect of somatostatin on basal and stimulated exocrine pancreatic secretion after partial duodenopancreatectomy. A clinical experimental study]. 167 16

The response of the pancreatic islet A- and B-cells after long-standing (eight years) pancreatic duct occlusion by prolamine, and subsequently developed acinar atrophy, was studied in five beagles, and the results compared with those in six sham-operated dogs. Intravenous arginine infusion (A-cell stimulation) and a combined oral glucose and intravenous tolbutamide and glucagon infusion (B-cell stimulation) were carried out in each dog. Complete abolition of acinar function after duct occlusion was documented by the negative paraaminobenzoic acid test. In contrast, in plasma, baseline values of glucose, alpha-amino-nitrogen, insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like immunoreactivity, somatostatin-like immunoreactivity, and pancreatic polypeptide did not differ between the experimental groups. During B-cell stimulation dogs with occluded ducts had significantly reduced insulin, reduced glucagon, and reduced second phase pancreatic polypeptide compared with controls. Integrated insulin and pancreatic polypeptide were also reduced in dogs with occluded ducts. In both groups plasma and integrated values of glucose and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity did not differ. During the A-cell stimulation period dogs with occluded ducts had significantly raised alpha-amino-nitrogen but unchanged glucose and reduced insulin concentrations; in both groups the arginine-induced rise in glucagon was similar, although it was delayed in the experimental group. In the latter, integrated alpha-amino-nitrogen was raised, but integrated glucose and hormones were unchanged. We conclude that a previously intact dog pancreas that has been atrophied by duct occlusion, may be able to maintain euglycaemia for several years. There may be a complex interplay of changes induced by duct occlusion at the level of the pancreatic islets and elsewhere, which compensate for moderate insulinopenia.
 ...
PMID:Maximal stimulation of pancreatic islet B-cells, and A-cell response to arginine, in dogs with longterm pancreatic acinar atrophy. 167 47

Sex steroids have been shown to influence the secretion of GH. There appears to be no good evidence of the effect of estradiol on the anterior pituitary, while the central site of estradiol action on the regulation of GH secretion is not known. The present investigation was carried out to determine whether some of the GH-releasing factor (GRF) neurons and somatostatin (SRIF) neurons in the hypothalamus and GH cells in the pituitary contain estradiol receptors. Colocalization of [3H]estradiol and antibodies to GRF or SRIF in brain and antibodies to GH in pituitary was studied to show interrelationships between estrogen target cells and peptidergic cells. Eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized, each rat was treated with colchicine, and 24-48 h later the animals were given an iv injection of [2,4,6,7,16,17-3H]estradiol (SA, 166 Ci/mM) at a dose of 0.5 micrograms/100 g BW. One hour after the injection, the rats were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The hypothalami from the perfused rats and the pituitaries from unperfused rats were frozen in isopentane precooled in liquid nitrogen (-190 C) and processed for autoradiography. The brain autoradiograms were immunostained for GRF, SRIF, and tyrosine hydroxylase [TH; an enzyme for the synthesis of dopamine (DA)], and the pituitary autoradiograms were immunostained for GH by the avidin-biotin peroxidase method. The majority of GRF-containing neurons were found in the arcuate nucleus, with some scattered cells in the lateral region of the ventromedial nucleus and the basal lateral hypothalamus. In the central portion of the arcuate nucleus, 20-30% of GRF-containing neurons showed nuclear concentration of [3H]estradiol. In the anterior portion of the hypothalamus, 10-15% of immunoreactive GRF-containing neurons were labeled with [3H]estradiol. In the lateral basal hypothalamus and the lateral region to the ventromedial nucleus, a few GRF neurons showed nuclear concentration of radioactivity. In contrast, a few SRIF cells in hypothalamic periventricular nucleus showed nuclear labeling with [3H]estradiol. Dual immunostaining with GRF and TH antibodies revealed that the estradiol-labeled GRF neurons did not contain TH immunoreactivity. In addition, 80-90% of GH cells in the anterior pituitary showed nuclear concentration of [3H]estradiol. The present studies demonstrate for the first time that certain populations of GRF neurons are targets for estradiol and indicate that estradiol acts directly on certain hypothalamic GRF neurons. The results suggest that estradiol may have a role in the regulation of GH secretion by modulating GRF release and acting directly on the somatotrophs.
 ...
PMID:Evidence for direct action of estradiol on growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) in rat hypothalamus: localization of [3H]estradiol in GRF neurons. 197 21

The counter-regulatory hormones, including glucagon, may be involved in the generation of postoperative negative nitrogen balance. We examined the influence of glucagon on whole body and forearm muscle protein kinetics, determined by L-[1-13C, 15N]leucine, in two matched groups of healthy fasting subjects. In one study somatostatin alone was infused continuously (0.12 mg h-1) and in another with glucagon (0.04 mg h-1) to generate insulin resistance. Somatostatin infusion increased leucine oxidation (P less than 0.05) and reduced the negative protein balance (P less than 0.01) across the forearm; the 15 per cent decrease in protein breakdown was not significant. Whole body leucine kinetics showed increased flux (P less than 0.05) and synthesis (P less than 0.01) but reduced oxidation (P less than 0.05). Hyperglucagonaemia caused a threefold enhancement of leucine oxidation (P less than 0.02), while the negative protein balance further increased (P less than 0.05) across the forearm. Whole body leucine flux was unchanged; oxidation increased (P less than 0.01) and synthesis decreased (P less than 0.01). These studies confirm that physiological hyperglucagonaemia during insulin resistance is catabolic in the short-term and indicates, for the first time, that glucagon may influence muscle protein metabolism acutely in man. We suggest that therapeutic manoeuvres designed to reduce glucagon levels after surgery may ameliorate protein kinetic abnormalities.
 ...
PMID:Influence of glucagon on protein and leucine metabolism: a study in fasting man with induced insulin resistance. 204 89

Cells containing somatostatin immunoreactivity were localized in the alimentary tract of parasite-free sheep by indirect immunocytochemistry, using an antiserum raised to ovine somatostatin. Nerve fibres showing somatostatin-like immunoreactivity were identified in the oesophagus, reticulum wall and groove, rumen pillar and wall, omasum sulcus and abomasum. Varicose fibres were found in the myenteric plexuses of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. The greatest distribution of endocrine cells (99 cells mm-2) was found in the antrum of the abomasum with 47, 29, 12 and 6 cells mm-2 respectively in the fundus, the first part of the duodenum, mid-jejunum and ileum. Some of the parasite-free sheep which had never experienced infection with larvae of the abomasal nematode, Haemonchus contortus, were paired with similar sheep in an experiment to investigate the effect of parasitism on nitrogen metabolism in the small intestine. The protocol of this experiment required observations before and after parasite infection, with final observations 2 weeks after removal of the infection by treatment with an anthelmintic drug. The sheep were then killed and tissues taken from each paired animal. Tissues from the recently parasitized sheep showed increases of D cells in the fundus and antrum of the abomasum. At present it is not clear if these increases were related to parasitism, per se, or were the post-treatment indicators of healing and recovery from infection with parasite larvae.
 ...
PMID:The localization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the alimentary tract of the sheep with observations on the effect of an infection with the parasite Haemonchus contortus. 198 Jan 95

Growth hormone (GH) is secreted in a pulsatile way during the whole life under the reciprocal influence of somatostatin and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH). It mediates many effects by stimulating production of insulin like growth factor I (IGF I) in liver and other tissues, but IGF I is also regulated by the nutritional state. Women secrete more GH than men, and older men and women less than young women. This suggests importance of estradiol in regulating secretion. Sex hormone effects are also demonstrated by the increment of GH and IGF I at puberty, which is an amplitude-modulated phenomenon. Classic metabolic studies have shown that patients with GH-deficiency retain more nitrogen in response to a given dose of exogenous hGH than normal subjects. The use of the stable isotope 15N has simplified such studies. In GH-deficient patients, there was with this technique a marked positive hGH-induced balance change. In girls with Turner syndrome (as example of subjects with normal GH-secretion), balance change was less marked with the same dose. Girls with Turner syndrome, who were given a double hGH-dose showed a response in the same range as that in the GH-deficient patients with the lower dose. A conclusion from this is that patients with normal GH-secretion need higher doses to obtain a similar response, than patients with GH-deficiency. The dosage in such patients will have to be selected individually, and needs to be about twice or three times as high as in GH-deficient patients.
 ...
PMID:Assessment of growth hormone secretion in children. 225 28


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>