Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty medullary carcinomas of the thyroid gland were examined for the presence of immunoreactive calcitonin, thyroglobulin, glucagon, keratin, gastrin/CCK, carcinoembryonic antibody (CEA), insulin, serotonin, adreno-corticotropic hormone (ACTH), prostatic acid phosphatase, and somatostatin using the immunoperoxidase peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. In addition, they were stained with mucicarmine, alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Grimelius, Congo red, crystal violet, and Fontana-Masson stains. Calcitonin-immunoreactive cells were absent in one tumor and present in 19 tumors (95%). Thyroglobulin was present in seven tumors (35%). Twenty tumors contained CEA-immunoreactive cells (100%). Fourteen cases were immunoreactive to serotonin (70%) and 12 were positive for somatostatin (60%). Glucagon- and gastrin/CCK-immunoreactive cells were found in two cases each (10%). Four tumors (20%) contained ACTH-immunoreactive cells and three cases (15%) were positive for prostatic acid phosphatase. Five cases (25%) contained keratin-immunoreactive cells. One case was immunoreactive to insulin (5%). Grimelius-positive cells were present in 19 of the cases (95%). Mucin-containing cells were present in 65% of the cases. The validity of the immunocytochemical localizations was tested by specific absorption of each antibody with the corresponding antigen. The demonstration of immunoreactivity for multiple antigens in each of the 20 cases suggests that the origin of medullary thyroid carcinomas is from a neuroendocrine cell potentially capable of producing numerous hormone substances. In addition, as the neoplastic cells in 35% of the tumors contained hormonal substances as well as thyroglobulin, it is suggested that papillary or follicular tumors mixed with a neuroendocrine component exist more commonly than previously suspected. Finally, psammoma bodies might be present in pure medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.
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PMID:Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical features with review of the literature. 241 97

Using sheep thyroid cells in culture, we have studied the effects of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on the activity and expression of both thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and on the ability of cells to trap and organify iodide. Using Western blotting techniques, we found that TSH increased the absolute cellular levels of Tg. The optimum TSH concentration for Tg mRNA production was between 0.1-1.0 mU/ml. Thyroglobulin mRNA levels were stimulated by TSH but detectable levels were also present in cultures grown in its absence containing cortisol, insulin, transferrin, somatostatin and glycyl-lysyl-histidyl acetate. Unlike Tg, TPO protein levels were found to be completely dependent upon TSH. A time course of TSH stimulation of TPO mRNA showed increases after 8 h of TSH stimulation, whereas induction of Tg mRNA by TSH was seen at 24 h. Iodide trapping and organification were also TSH-dependent processes, showing maximum activities at 300-500 muU/ml of TSH. The addition of 10 nM TPA caused a biphasic decrease in radiolabeled pertechnetate uptake, with complete inhibition being seen at 14 h. Inhibition of iodide organification occurred more rapidly. TPA and EGF (1 nM) reduced the amount of newly synthesized Tg in TSH-stimulated cells by 50% but the absolute amount of Tg within the cells was not markedly inhibited at these early times.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Regulation of thyroperoxidase, thyroglobulin and iodide levels in sheep thyroid cells by TSH, tumor promoters and epidermal growth factor. 249 23

A strumal carcinoid associated with mature cystic teratoma of the ovary in a 59-year-old was investigated immunohistochemically and electron microscopically. Histologically it was composed largely of trabecular and partly of insular carcinoid and individual thyroid follicles. Intensive argyrophilia was shown in both the cells of carcinoid tumor and follicular structure. Thyroglobulin was strongly positive in the follicular lining epithelium and weakly positive in the carcinoid cells adjacent to the follicular area. Immunoreactive cells for somatostatin and prostatic acid phosphatase were strongly detected in the carcinoid area and gradually blended to the follicular epithelium. Methionine-enkephalin, glicentin, and pancreatic polypeptide were focally detected in the carcinoid area. Whereas calcitonin-positive cells were sparsely observed in the follicular area, carcinoembryonic antigen and serotonin were absolutely negative. Electron microscopic findings revealed abundant neurosecretory granules, microfilaments, and colloid-like droplets in the same cells. We suggest that these hybrid cells are the origin of strumal carcinoid.
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PMID:Evidence of hybrid cell of thyroid follicular cell and carcinoid cell in strumal carcinoid. 375 24

A case of ovarian strumal carcinoid was studied by histochemistry, electron microscopy, and immunocytochemistry. The thyroid component of the tumor was micro-macrofollicular, whereas the carcinoid areas had a trabecular growth pattern. Carcinoid cells contained argyrophilic, dense-core secretory granules and were immunopositive for serotonin but not for calcitonin, somatostatin, or thyroglobulin. Follicular thyroid cells were positive for thyroglobulin, and were negative for calcitonin and somatostatin. Thyroglobulin and serotonin-containing cells were present in microfollicles adjacent to areas of trabecular carcinoid and struma ovarii. The data suggest that strumal carcinoids develop in close association with struma ovarii and represent a subset of ovarian teratomas. Current hypotheses on the cell of origin of strumal carcinoids are reviewed.
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PMID:Histology, ultrastructure, and immunohistochemistry of strumal carcinoid: a case report. 638 19

The long-term culture of functional follicular cells from normal adult human thyroid tissue has been obtained. They were expanded using a 1:2 split ratio until passage 28 (present status) in Click-RPMI medium enhanced with 5% fetal calf serum and diverse associations of hormones or components including porcine insulin and bovine thyrotropin. At passages 10 and 20, chromosome countings showed a normal diploid number and a normal karyotype. In calf serum containing media, cells are epithelial in the presence of thyrotropin (TSH) but present a slight elongated form in the absence of TSH. In serum-free media, 30 minutes after TSH stimulation, both epithelial and elongated cells changed in morphology to stellate-shaped, arborized forms, indicating the presence of functional TSH-receptors even in long term (18 months) TSH-free cultures. Cells produce thyroglobulin constitutively and large amounts of thyroglobulin are easily recovered in TSH-supplemented media, especially in the presence of insulin. Thyroglobulin production was increased versus days under TSH or insulin stimulation. Combination of the two hormones clearly resulted in a synergistic and not an additive effect. The other hormones present in the 6H components (transferrin, glycylhistidyl-lysine, somatostatin, and hydrocortisone) had no positive effect on thyroglobulin accumulation in media in our experimental conditions. Addition of TSH to hormone-free cultures or to insulin-, insulin plus hydrocortisone-, or 5H-containing cultures resulted in a clear increase in thyroglobulin production. Withdrawal of TSH from 6H cultures resulted in a decrease in thyroglobulin accumulation in media. Six months were required to select fibroblast-free cultures and to get passage 6. But only 17 months separated passage 6 to passage 28, indicating that the proliferative rate is increasing with in vitro cell adaptation. Such normal adult thyroid cells, thyroglobulin-producing, TSH, and insulin-sensitive, represent a new normal human thyroid cell line allowing comparative studies with cells originating from pathologic thyroid tissues.
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PMID:Isolation of a normal human thyroid cell line: hormonal requirement for thyroglobulin regulation. 1219 96