Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty medullary carcinomas of the thyroid gland were examined for the presence of immunoreactive calcitonin, thyroglobulin, glucagon, keratin, gastrin/CCK, carcinoembryonic antibody (CEA), insulin, serotonin, adreno-corticotropic hormone (ACTH), prostatic acid phosphatase, and somatostatin using the immunoperoxidase peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. In addition, they were stained with mucicarmine, alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Grimelius, Congo red, crystal violet, and Fontana-Masson stains. Calcitonin-immunoreactive cells were absent in one tumor and present in 19 tumors (95%). Thyroglobulin was present in seven tumors (35%). Twenty tumors contained CEA-immunoreactive cells (100%). Fourteen cases were immunoreactive to serotonin (70%) and 12 were positive for somatostatin (60%). Glucagon- and gastrin/CCK-immunoreactive cells were found in two cases each (10%). Four tumors (20%) contained ACTH-immunoreactive cells and three cases (15%) were positive for prostatic acid phosphatase. Five cases (25%) contained keratin-immunoreactive cells. One case was immunoreactive to insulin (5%). Grimelius-positive cells were present in 19 of the cases (95%). Mucin-containing cells were present in 65% of the cases. The validity of the immunocytochemical localizations was tested by specific absorption of each antibody with the corresponding antigen. The demonstration of immunoreactivity for multiple antigens in each of the 20 cases suggests that the origin of medullary thyroid carcinomas is from a neuroendocrine cell potentially capable of producing numerous hormone substances. In addition, as the neoplastic cells in 35% of the tumors contained hormonal substances as well as thyroglobulin, it is suggested that papillary or follicular tumors mixed with a neuroendocrine component exist more commonly than previously suspected. Finally, psammoma bodies might be present in pure medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.
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PMID:Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical features with review of the literature. 241 97

The histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical features of twenty gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours are presented. Histologically, the foregut and hindgut carcinoids showed trabecular pattern and midgut carcinoid tumours usually showed insular type of growth. Histochemically, using the silver stains by the Grimelius and Masson-Fontana techniques, most (18 cases) were argyrophilic and 8 were argentaffin positive. Two appendiceal carcinoids were non-reactive. Mucin positivity was noted in a case of mucin producing carcinoid of the appendix. Immunohistochemistry for wide spectrum keratin, cytokeratin PKK1, carcinoembryonic antigen, neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament and S-100 protein revealed epithelial and neural characteristics of carcinoid tumour cells. Wide spectrum keratin was positive in 12 while cytokeratin PKKI was negative in all. Carcinoembryonic antigen positivity was noted in 8 cases. Neuron-specific enolase immunoreactivity was seen in 18 cases whereas neurofilament was negative. S-100 protein positive cells were observed in close contact with and/or intermingled with tumour cells but the tumour cells themselves were negative. Immunoreactivity for somatostatin was seen in 8 cases, glucagon in three, and corticotrophin, insulin and gastrin in one case each. More than one hormone expression was noted in three cases, one each of gastric, appendiceal and rectal carcinoid tumours. These findings suggest that carcinoid tumours may develop from an uncommitted cell native to the site of tumour and differentiates along one or more directions, and the immunohistochemical findings and secretory profile of these tumour cells depend upon the direction of their differentiation.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours: histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study. 246 Nov 42

Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the rectum is particularly uncommon; only 23 cases have been reported to date. Moreover, no studies have been done on the neuroendocrine apparatus and glycoprotein production of the heterotopic mucosa. This study reports on a 13-year-old boy, admitted with rectal bleeding and persistent tenesmus. An ulcerative lesion was found on colonoscopy; biopsies revealed a fundic-type gastric tissue. Medical therapy (H2-blockers) promptly healed the rectal ulcer; surgical excision of the heterotopia was performed with complete and permanent relief of symptoms (3-year follow-up). Immunocytochemistry (PAP) revealed 5-Ht and somatostatin cells in the gastric-type mucosa, as in the normal human stomach. These cells also were present in the surrounding rectal epithelium where PYY-enteroglucagon cells were detected, which were absent in the heterotopic tissue. Mucin histochemistry showed PAS-positive cells also strongly stained by LA lectin in the heterotopic tissue, differentiating the rectal epithelium that remained unstained. Therefore, the morphofunctional status (endocrine cells and mucins) of the gastric heterotopia was almost identical to its orthotopic counterpart, confirming the hypothesis that endocrine cells and mucin-producing cells differentiate their metabolic products according to the anatomic and functional activity of the epithelium where they grow.
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PMID:Heterotopic gastric mucosa of the rectum--characterization of endocrine and mucin-producing cells by immunocytochemistry and lectin histochemistry. Report of a case. 256 45

The occurrence of endocrine cells in 350 cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma was studied by immunohistochemistry for chromogranin A (CGA). The hormone profile of endocrine tumor cells, the correlation between endocrine differentiation and presence of other colorectal epithelial-cell lineages and the prognostic relevance of endocrine differentiation in colorectal cancer were investigated. CGA-positive tumor cells were found in 30% of cases, 21% showing moderate positivity and 9.0% extensive positivity. Of CGA-positive tumors, 70% additionally produced neurohormones, mainly indigenous to normal colorectal epithelium: 55% showed immunoreactivity for glucagon-like substances, 20% for serotonin and 10% for somatostatin, PYY and HCG. No immunoreactivity was found for various neurohormones not normally produced by colorectal endocrine cells. CGA-positive tumors tended to be more aggressive than CGA-negative tumors. Especially, tumors with extensive CGA positivity showed shorter survival, which was most apparent within Dukes' stage C. In multivariate analysis, extensive CGA positivity was an independent indicator of poor prognosis. CGA immunoreactivity significantly correlated with mucin production, but not with expression of secretory component (SC), a columnar-cell marker. Mucin production significantly correlated with SC expression. Tumors positive for CGA but not for mucin and/or SC showed the worst prognosis. SC expression was a relatively favorable feature, and mucin-producing tumors showed intermediate behavior.
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PMID:Endocrine cells in colorectal adenocarcinomas: incidence, hormone profile and prognostic relevance. 810 Aug 8

Rat stomach carcinomas induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) are widely used as a model for differentiated-type human stomach carcinomas. Here, we analyzed expression profiles in five MNNG-induced rat stomach carcinomas by the high-density oligonucleotide microarray containing approximately 8000 probe sets. 244 and 208 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively, by 3-fold and over in four or five carcinomas. Up-regulated genes included those involved in the extracellular matrix remodeling (i.e. Collagen types I, III, V, MMP3), immune response (i.e. lysozyme, complements) and in ossification (i.e. Osteoblast-specific factor). Genes down-regulated included those related to hydrocarbon metabolism (i.e. aldose A, aldehyde dehydrogenase), gastric juice (ion transporter genes) and mucous production (Mucin 5) and gastric hormones (gastrin and somatostatin). The expression profile of the MNNG-induced rat stomach carcinomas shared many features with human stomach carcinomas while cyclin D1 was down-regulated in rat stomach carcinomas but up-regulated in human stomach carcinomas. When the expression profile of the MNNG-induced rat stomach carcinomas was compared with those of two kinds of rat mammary carcinomas, only 13 genes were commonly altered. These results showed that MNNG-induced stomach carcinomas possessed infiltrating capacity and had lost differentiated phenotypes of the stomach, in the same way as human stomach carcinomas, and could be used as a good model for them from the viewpoint of molecular expression profile.
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PMID:Global expression analysis of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced rat stomach carcinomas using oligonucleotide microarrays. 1277 Oct 29

Significant advances in intestinal stem cell biology have been made in murine models; however, anatomical and physiological differences between mice and humans limit mice as a translational model for stem cell based research. The pig has been an effective translational model, and represents a candidate species to study intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) driven regeneration. The lack of validated reagents and epithelial culture methods is an obstacle to investigating IESC driven regeneration in a pig model. In this study, antibodies against Epithelial Adhesion Molecule 1 (EpCAM) and Villin marked cells of epithelial origin. Antibodies against Proliferative Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), Minichromosome Maintenance Complex 2 (MCM2), Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and phosphorylated Histone H3 (pH3) distinguished proliferating cells at various stages of the cell cycle. SOX9, localized to the stem/progenitor cells zone, while HOPX was restricted to the +4/'reserve' stem cell zone. Immunostaining also identified major differentiated lineages. Goblet cells were identified by Mucin 2 (MUC2); enteroendocrine cells by Chromogranin A (CGA), Gastrin and Somatostatin; and absorptive enterocytes by carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) and sucrase isomaltase (SIM). Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated morphologic and sub-cellular characteristics of stem cell and differentiated intestinal epithelial cell types. Quantitative PCR gene expression analysis enabled identification of stem/progenitor cells, post mitotic cell lineages, and important growth and differentiation pathways. Additionally, a method for long-term culture of porcine crypts was developed. Biomarker characterization and development of IESC culture in the porcine model represents a foundation for translational studies of IESC-driven regeneration of the intestinal epithelium in physiology and disease.
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PMID:Cell lineage identification and stem cell culture in a porcine model for the study of intestinal epithelial regeneration. 2384 Apr 80