Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Glucokinase was proposed to function as a glucose sensor in pancreatic B-cells, acting possibly as a pacemaker of the rate of glycolysis. Glucose, mannose, and 2-deoxyglucose are good substrates of glucokinase which are easily taken up into B-cells. Glucose and mannose are well-known stimuli of insulin release in mammals and fish. I report here that 2-deoxyglucose is also a strong stimulus of insulin and somatostatin release from the in vitro perfused pancreas (i.e., splenic Brockmann body) of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). This is surprising because the product of the glucokinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of 2-deoxyglucose. 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate, cannot be metabolized further at an appreciable rate. 3-O-Methylglucose, which does not bind appreciably to mammalian glucokinase, stimulated neither insulin nor somatostatin release. Glucosamine, which binds tightly to glucokinase but is phosphorylated only at a very low rate, did not stimulate insulin release either, but did cause a small amount of somatostatin to be released. The results suggest that glucose-activated glucokinase itself may serve as a signal molecule in glucose recognition by B- and D-cells.
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PMID:2-Deoxyglucose stimulates the release of insulin and somatostatin from the perfused catfish pancreas. 167 44

Regulation of glycosylation of TSH was studied in primary cultures of normal rat pituitary cells. [3H]Glucosamine or [3H]proline incorporation into immunoprecipitable TSH and trichloroacetic acid-precipitable proteins was measured after incubation periods ranging from 4-72 h. TSH release was assessed by RIA of TSH in the medium. TRH (30 nM) specifically increased the glycosylation of TSH despite the fact that it did not stimulate [3H]proline incorporation into the hormone even after 72 h of continuous labeling. The TRH-stimulated [3H]glucosamine-labeled TSH was completely recovered in the incubation medium. Effective concentrations of TRH were in the same range as those necessary for stimulation of TSH release (10(-10) - 10(-6) M). Somatostatin (50 nM) and T3 (10 microM) antagonized TRH effects on both TSH release and glycosylation. Stages of TSH glycosylation were discriminated by the addition to the culture medium of tunicamycin (10 micrograms/ml) or monensin (25 microM), which are known to inhibit core and terminal glycosylation of proteins, respectively. Medium [3H]glucosamine-labeled TSH was fully glycosylated, whereas a large part of the intracellular hormone was only core glycosylated. This suggests that terminal glycosylation of TSH could be related to hormone secretion. TRH stimulated essentially only terminal glycosylation of TSH. No alteration of core glycosylation of the hormone was observed after TRH treatment. The stimulating effect of TRH on terminal glycosylation of TSH is probably related to its ability to stimulate hormone release.
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PMID:Control of thyrotropin glycosylation in normal rat pituitary cells in culture: effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. 640 87

Hyperglycemia can lead directly to a secondary state of insulin resistance or can worsen a preexisting insulin-resistant state. Troglitazone is an orally active hypoglycemic agent that has been shown to ameliorate insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in both diabetic animal models and NIDDM subjects. To determine whether this drug could prevent the development of hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance and to investigate the mechanism by which this might occur, we studied troglitazone's effect on insulin action in rats made hyperglycemic or infused with glucosamine. Normal male SD rats were fed regular powdered diet with or without troglitazone as a food admixture (0.2%). After 2 weeks, rats were made hyperglycemic with glucose (52 mg x kg(-1) x min[-1]) and somatostatin (0.8 microg x kg(-1) x min[-1]) infusion or were infused with glucosamine (6.5 mg x kg(-1) x min[-1]) for 6.5 h. In vivo insulin action was measured by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique at a submaximal (24 pmol x kg(-1) x min[-1]) or maximal (240 pmol x kg(-1) x min[-1]) insulin infusion rate. The infusion of glucose and somatostatin caused a pronounced rise in the plasma glucose concentration (19.8 +/- 0.6 mmol/l) compared with saline-infused animals (8.0 +/- 0.2 mmol/l; P < 0.001). Hyperglycemia resulted in insulin resistance, as evidenced by a marked reduction in the submaximal glucose disposal rate (GDR) (78 +/- 7 vs. 135 +/- 6 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.01) and maximal GDR (141 +/- 9 vs. 237 +/- 6 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.01) compared with the control group. Troglitazone treatment largely prevented the hyperglycemia-induced decline in submaximal (116 +/- 7 micromol x kg(-1) x min[-1]) and maximal GDR (209 +/- 9 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.05). Glucosamine infusion also resulted in a marked reduction in the submaximal GDR (85 +/- 3 vs. 135 +/- 6 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.01) and maximal GDR (137 +/- 14 vs. 237 +/- 6 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.01) compared with the control group. In contrast to the results in the hyperglycemic animals, troglitazone treatment had no effect on glucosamine-induced insulin resistance. In summary, 1) in normal rats, experimental hyperglycemia, as well as glucosamine infusion, led to a marked state of peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance; 2) troglitazone treatment prevented the hyperglycemia-induced, but not the glucosamine-induced, insulin resistance; and 3) either troglitazone acts at one or more sites proximal to the entry of glucosamine into the hexosamine pathway, or the increased flux of glucose-derived products through the hexosamine pathway is not a major mechanism for the hyperglycemia-induced defect in insulin action in these animals.
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PMID:Troglitazone prevents hyperglycemia-induced but not glucosamine-induced insulin resistance. 951 45

The benzomacrolactone is a framework found in numerous natural products. The synthesis of an orthogonally functionalized benzomacrolactone from D-glucosamine and a salicylic acid derivative is described. This macrolactone was used for the synthesis of a somatostatin mimetic that has submicromolar affinity for the human somatostatin receptor 4 (hSSTR4).
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PMID:Synthesis of a benzomacrolactone-based somatostatin mimetic. 2198 63