Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Some peripheral peptidergic nerves selectively innervate different types of tissue in abdominal organs. Neuropeptide Y- and vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive nerve terminals have been identified in the kidney, spleen and intestine and these peptides may have important physiological actions. Somatostatin has been found in sympathetic ganglia, and nerve terminals containing this peptide have been identified in the intestine. We have used fluorescent retrograde tracers to identify renal, splenic and mesenteric postganglionic neurons in rat sympathetic ganglia and then used immunocytochemistry to determine the proportions of these three identified groups of neurons displaying immunoreactivity for neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide and somatostatin. Most renal, splenic and mesenteric neurons were immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y and less than 1% of cells innervating these organs were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide. Somatostatin immunoreactivity was present only in a small percentage of mesenteric neurons and not in renal or splenic neurons. The present study demonstrates that (i) the rat kidney, spleen and intestine do not differ in the proportion of innervation by neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons, (ii) the solar plexus, splanchnic ganglion and chain ganglia (T12 and T13) provide very little vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive inputs to these organs, and (iii) somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons innervate the intestine but not the kidney or spleen.
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PMID:Distributions of neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide and somatostatin in populations of postganglionic neurons innervating the rat kidney, spleen and intestine. 135 63

The distribution of leucine-enkephalin, methionine-enkephalin, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P, oxytocin, vasopressin, neurophysin II, and serotonin in nerve terminals and fibers of sympathetic autonomic areas of the thoracolumbar (T-L) spinal cord was studied immunohistochemically in cats. Densities of these immunoreactive terminals and fibers were estimated in the intermediolateral nucleus pars principalis (IMLp) and pars funicularis (IMLf), the nucleus intercalatus (IC), and the central autonomic area (CA). Results for leucine- and methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ENK) were similar and immunoreactivity for vasopressin was not observed. The greatest numbers of terminals and fibers in the IMLp region contained ENK, neurotensin-(NT), and serotonin-like immunoreactivity (5HT); terminals and fibers containing substance P-(SP) and neurophysin II-like immunoreactivity (NP2) were intermediate in number, and those containing somatostatin-(SS) and oxytocin-like immunoreactivity (OXY) were generally sparse. In the IC and CA, terminals and fibers containing ENK and NT were dense, those containing SP were moderate, and those containing OXY, NP2, and 5HT were sparsely represented. In the IMLp, where the largest proportion of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) is found, the greatest concentration of terminals and fibers containing ENK was found in segments T1-T8; for NT these segments were T1-T5 and T11-L1, for SP-C8-T2 and T11-L1, for NP2-T4-T7 and L2 to L3, and for 5HT-T1-T5. Terminals and fibers containing SS and OXY were present in segments C8-T10 and segments C8, T2-T8, T13, and L2 to L3, respectively. These results indicate that while ENK, NT, SP, NP2, and 5HT fibers and terminals are widely distributed throughout the T-L cord, they may influence to a greater degree the SPN in segments where they are present in greater numbers. As SS and OXY were not found at all levels of the IMLp, their functions may be more organ specific.
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PMID:Segmental distribution of peptide- and 5HT-like immunoreactivity in nerve terminals and fibers of the thoracolumbar sympathetic nuclei of the cat. 241 41

Afferent perikarya in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) at the T13 and L1 segmental levels projecting to the rat ovary were identified by utilizing the fluorescent retrograde tracer true blue (TB). Subsequently, TB-labeled ovarian afferent perikarya in DRG were examined for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and somatostatin (SOM) immunoreactivity and for the presence of fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) enzyme activity. Of the ovarian afferent perikarya at the T13 and L1 segmental levels, 20.5% displayed VIP immunoreactivity, 23.8% displayed SP immunoreactivity, and 43.1% were immunoreactive for CCK-8. No ovarian afferent perikarya contained SOM or NYP immunoreactivity or FRAP activity. It is suggested that different neuropeptides may participate in modulation of specific ovarian functions.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in sensory perikarya projecting to the rat ovary. 244 98

The CNS cell groups that innervate the sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons of rats were identified by a transneuronal viral cell body labeling technique combined with neurotransmitter immunohistochemistry. Pseudorabies virus was injected into the adrenal gland. This resulted in retrograde viral infections of the ipsilateral sympathetic preganglionic neurons (T4-T13) and caused retrograde transneuronal cell body infections in 5 areas of the brain: the caudal raphe nuclei, ventromedial medulla, rostral ventrolateral medulla, A5 cell group, and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH). In the spinal cord, the segmental distribution of virally infected neurons was the same as the retrograde cell body labeling observed following Fluoro-gold injections in the adrenal gland except there was almost a 300% increase in the number of cells labeled and a shift in cell group distribution. These results imply there are local interneurons that regulate the sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons. In the medulla oblongata, serotonin (5-HT)-, substance P (SP)-, thyrotropin-releasing hormone-, Met-enkephalin-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons of the raphe pallidus and raphe obscurus nuclei and the ventromedial medulla were infected. In the ventromedial and rostral ventrolateral medulla, immunoreactive phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, SP, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and enkephalin neurons were infected. The A5 noradrenergic cells were labeled, as were some somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in this area. In the were infected. The A5 noradrenergic cells were labeled, as were some somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in this area. In the hypothalamus, tyrosine hydroxylase- and SP-immunoreactive neurons of the dorsal parvocellular PVH were infected. Only a few immunoreactive vasopressin, oxytocin, Met-enkephalin, neurotensin, and somatostatin PVH neurons were labeled.
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PMID:CNS cell groups regulating the sympathetic outflow to adrenal gland as revealed by transneuronal cell body labeling with pseudorabies virus. 254 65

In the present study, we investigated and compared the ability of the cholera toxin B subunit, wheat germ agglutinin and isolectin B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia I conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, to retrogradely and transganglionically label visceral primary afferents after unilateral injections into the rat urinary bladder wall. Horseradish peroxidase histochemical or lectin-immunofluorescence histochemical labelling of bladder afferents was seen in the L6-S1 spinal cord segments and in the T13-L2 and L6-S1 dorsal root ganglia. In the lumbosacral spinal cord, the most intense and extensive labelling of bladder afferents was seen when cholera toxin B subunit-horseradish peroxidase was injected. Cholera toxin B subunit-horseradish peroxidase-labelled fibres were found in Lissauer's tract, its lateral and medial collateral projections, and laminae I and IV-VI of the spinal gray matter. Labelled fibres were numerous in the lateral collateral projection and extended into the spinal parasympathetic nucleus. Labelling from both the lateral and medial projections extended into the dorsal grey commissural region. Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase labelling produced a similar pattern but was not as dense and extensive as that of cholera toxin B subunit-horseradish peroxidase. The isolectin B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia I-horseradish peroxidase-labelled fibres, on the other hand, were fewer and only observed in the lateral collateral projection and occasionally in lamina I. Cell profile counts showed that a larger number of dorsal root ganglion cells were labelled with cholera toxin B subunit-horseradish peroxidase than with wheat germ agglutinin- or isolectin B4-horseradish peroxidase. In the L6-S1 dorsal root ganglia, the majority (81%) of the cholera toxin B subunit-, and almost all of the wheat germ agglutinin- and isolectin B4-immunoreactive cells were RT97-negative (an anti-neurofilament antibody that labels dorsal root ganglion neurons with myelinated fibres). Double labelling with other neuronal markers showed that 71%, 43% and 36% of the cholera toxin B subunit-immunoreactive cells were calcitonin gene-related peptide-, isolectin B4-binding- and substance P-positive, respectively. A few cholera toxin B subunit cells showed galanin-immunoreactivity, but none were somatostatin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, or neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive or contained fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase. The results show that cholera toxin B subunit-horseradish peroxidase is a more effective retrograde and transganglionic tracer for pelvic primary afferents from the urinary bladder than wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and isolectin B4-horseradish peroxidase, but in contrast to somatic nerves, it is transported mainly by unmyelinated fibres in the visceral afferents.
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PMID:Retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated cholera toxin B subunit, wheatgerm agglutinin and isolectin B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia I in primary afferent neurons innervating the rat urinary bladder. 972 57

Peripheral injury produces long term changes in peptide content in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells that contribute to the inflammatory process in the periphery and neuronal plasticity in the spinal cord. We report here the proportion of colonic afferents labeled for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) or somatostatin (Som) in the T13-L2 and L6-S2 DRG and changes in the percentage of SP or CGRP labeled afferents 6, 24, and 72 h following induction of experimental colitis. Following injection of fluorogold (FG) into the descending colon, significantly more FG labeled DRG cells were observed in the T13-L2 than L6-S2 DRG. In noninflamed rats, in both spinal regions, 60-70% of the colonic afferents that were labeled with FG were double labeled for SP. Similar results were obtained when double labeling for CGRP. Only 20-30% of the FG labeled afferents were double labeled for Som. Following experimental colitis induced by intracolonic zymosan, there was a significant decrease in the percentage of cells double labeled for SP in the T13-L2 and L6-S2 DRG at 6, 24, and 72 h. The percentage of CGRP double labeled cells was decreased in the T13-L2 DRG at all time points, but only at 24 h in the L6-S2 DRG. The cell bodies of CGRP labeled colonic afferents were significantly larger than SP or Som in control rats. Inflammation did not affect the mean size of the double labeled cells. These results suggest that colonic inflammation increases SP and CGRP release in the spinal cord and the colon that is manifest as a decrease in peptide content in the cell bodies of the colonic afferents during the first 72 h following injury.
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PMID:The peptide content of colonic afferents decreases following colonic inflammation. 1042 83

This study was to observe the effect and possible mechanism of somatostatin analogue octreotide (OCT) on cross excitation of adjacent segment of spinal nerve in rat. Cutaneous branches of T9-T13 spinal dorsal rami were chosen and dissected free for the following recording and stimulation. Only single unit fiber was used for recording, and the adjacent segment of nerve stem was used for antidromic electrical stimulation. To investigate the change of discharge rate and mechanical threshold, OCT and (or) somatostatin receptor antagonist cyclo-somatostatin (c-SOM) were applied to the receptive field following the antidromic electrical stimulation. The result showed that injection of OCT inhibited the increase of discharge rate and the decrease of mechanical threshold induced by the electrical stimulation (cross excitation); c-SOM reversed the effects of OCT. Application of c-SOM alone enhanced the cross excitation effects. The results suggest local application of somatostatin analogue OCT can inhibit the cross excitation between the two segments of spinal nerve by somatostatin receptor.
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PMID:[Inhibitory effect of octreotide on the cross excitation of adjacent segment of spinal nerve in rat]. 2434 16