Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several peptides were detected in primary sensory neurons located in nodose and dorsal root ganglia and projecting from rat cecum and rectosigmoid, through a combination of retrograde staining by the fluorescent tracer DY-2HCl and of the immunofluorescent procedure of Coons. The three larger cell populations thus identified stored immunoreactive components respectively similar to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and a peptide related to peptide histidine methionine (PHM). The later immunoreactivity consisted of a single molecular form with an apparent molecular weight smaller than PHM itself. Fewer cells contained components immunologically similar to somatostatin 14 (ST14), to the 1-14 N-terminal sequence of somatostatin 28 (1-14 S28), and to neuropeptide Y (NPY). Neonatal treatment with capsaicin resulted in a drastic reduction of immunoreactivity for SP, PHM, ST14, 1-14 S28, and in a partial reduction of CGRP-like positive perikarya. These results demonstrate that several peptides are potentially involved in the sensory innervation of the lower gut in rat.
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PMID:Peptide immunocytochemistry in afferent neurons from lower gut in rats. 306 23

The pathophysiology of Hirschsprung's disease has not been fully elucidated but is known to have a neurogenic basis. In recent years, new neural proteins and peptides have been discovered and our aim in this study was to use immunocytochemistry to investigate their involvement in the neuronal abnormalities associated with this condition. Large bowel samples from 9 children undergoing surgery for Hirschsprung's disease were compared with those taken from 8 children with other gastrointestinal diseases but no aganglionosis. Immunocytochemistry was carried out using antibodies to a wide range of neuron specific proteins and peptides. Examination of sections immunostained for the general neuronal markers, protein gene product 9.5, neuron specific enolase and neurofilament triplet proteins, allowed rapid identification of aganglionic segments. Nerves containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine methionine (VIP/PHM), galanin, substance P, somatostatin, met-enkephalin or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) showed a marked reduction in all layers of the aganglionic bowel. However, scattered VIP/PHM immunoreactive fibres were also found in the hypertrophied nerve bundles. In contrast with these reduced peptide-containing nerves, fibres displaying NPY immunoreactivity showed a marked increase in all aganglionic segments, particularly in the circular muscle where few are found normally. Our findings shed further light on the neurobiology of aganglionic bowel and suggest that immunostaining of neural proteins and the peptide NPY can aid rapid histopathological diagnosis of congenital aganglionosis.
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PMID:Increased neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive innervation of aganglionic bowel in Hirschsprung's disease. 311 47

The morphological substrate for the central mechanisms that control growth hormone (GH) release in the rat hypothalamus was investigated immunohistochemically by light and electron microscopy. In electron-microscopic studies, a dual immunolabeling technique was employed to demonstrate pairs of peptides, i.e. rat hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor (rhGRF) and somatostatin (SRIH), rhGRF and substance P (SP), and rhGRF and methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (Enk-8), in different neuronal structures. Immunoreactivity of rhGRF was detected as silver-gold particles and those of the other substances as diaminobenzidine products by preembedding immunostaining procedures. In the external layer of the median eminence, axonal terminals immunolabeled for rhGRF and for SRIH showed the same pattern of distribution and close proximity. The neuronal inputs to GRF cell bodies in the arcuate nucleus were examined, and SRIH, SP and Enk-8 fibers with varicosities were found to form dense networks around the perikarya of GRF neurons, suggesting the presence of synaptic associations. Axonal terminals immunolabeled for SRIH, SP or Enk-8, and unlabeled terminals appeared to form coincidental synaptic junctions on GRF perikarya. These findings suggest that the central regulation of GH release occurs at the levels of the median eminence and the cell bodies.
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PMID:Ultrastructural evidence for neuronal regulation of growth hormone secretion. 313 6

Using an antiserum (no. 373) raised against a tyrosinated analog of preproTRH53-74 [( Tyr1]preproTRH53-74 or pYT 22), we have demonstrated the presence of a discrete population of immunoreactive neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). Relative to the distribution of serotonin, somatostatin, peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), methionine enkephalin, substance P and neurotensin-containing neuronal perikarya in the PAG, neurons containing immunoreactive pYT 22 occupied a unique location in the ventrolateral PAG. In contrast, terminal fields containing these neuroactive substances with the exception of PHI, were seen in abundance in the region of the ventrolateral PAG neurons. These studies indicate that a non-TRH sequence contained within the N-terminal portion of the TRH prohormone are expressed in a distinct group of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG. The location of these neurons in the PAG in a region richly innervated by nerve terminals containing analgesia-mediating substances, suggests a possible role for proTRH-derived peptides in the modulation of nociception.
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PMID:Neurons containing a N-terminal sequence of the TRH-prohormone (preproTRH53-74) are present in a unique location of the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat. 314 23

We have previously shown that rat enteric neurons display many of their in vivo phenotypes when they are dissociated and grown in long-term cell culture. To assess the degree of plasticity of these phenotypes we have examined the effect of medium conditioned by rat heart cells because this treatment strongly affects transmitter properties in rat sympathetic neurons in culture. Growth of enteric neurons for 3-4 weeks in conditioned medium caused several changes that are similar to previously described effects of conditioned medium on other neuronal cell types in culture. When compared to cultures grown in control medium, cultures grown in conditioned medium: (i) contained three times as many large (greater than 25 micron) neurons; (ii) synthesized and stored 3-4 times as much acetylcholine; (iii) contained 4-5 times as many neurons with detectable 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactivity; and (iv) contained 10 times as many neurons that fired repetitively during sustained depolarization. Several other changes, which have not been reported in other systems, were also observed. Conditioned medium cultures: (i) contained many fewer neuronal processes with immunohistochemically detectable vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, somatostatin, and [Met]enkephalin; (ii) contained 70% fewer neuronal cell bodies with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity; and (iii) contained four times as many neurons that had muscarinic responses to acetylcholine. None of the changes in properties described above uniformly affected all enteric neurons, even after 6 weeks of growth in conditioned medium. We conclude that the heterogeneity of enteric neuron phenotypes is established prior to birth and limits the capacity of certain subsets of neurons to respond to exogenous factors in the environment. Nevertheless, the phenotypes of other subsets of neurons displayed considerable plasticity when exposed to conditioned medium.
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PMID:Conditioned medium alters electrophysiological and transmitter-related properties expressed by rat enteric neurons in cell culture. 340 29

The effect of 15 defined neuropeptides on the mitogenic activation of lymphocytes from human thymus, guinea pig lymph nodes and rat spleen was investigated. Lymphocytes were incubated in the absence or presence of polyclonal T and B cell activators together with increasing doses of the neuropeptides, and harvested at 48 h of culture after pulse-labeling with 3H-thymidine to assess the DNA synthesis. A dose-related stimulatory effect on the spontaneous 3H-thymidine incorporation of human thymocytes was obtained with methionine-enkephalin (met-enk), motilin and neurotensin. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide HI (PHI) were inhibitory. A similar responsiveness was observed in cultures of phytohemagglutinin P (PHA)-activated human thymocytes. The low level of basal DNA synthesis of guinea pig lymph node cells was stimulated by VIP and inhibited by neuropeptide Y (NPY) and PHI. PHA-activated lymph node T lymphocytes were stimulated by neurotensin, bombesin and motilin, whereas NPY inhibited the thymidine uptake. The low rate of spontaneous DNA synthesis of rat spleen cells was increased in the presence of VIP. Met-enk stimulated both basal and dextran sulfate-activated splenic B cell proliferation, whereas PHI was inhibitory in both cases. The following peptides were found to be inactive in all the above assays: substance P, cholecystokinin-octapeptide, somatostatin, galanin, oxytocin, pentagastrin and gastrin-releasing peptide 1-27 and 14-27. Although the responses were generally of low magnitude and observed at high peptide concentrations, present study contributes to the understanding of possible mechanisms involved in interactions between the nervous and the immune system.
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PMID:Neuropeptide regulation of human thymocyte, guinea pig T lymphocyte and rat B lymphocyte mitogenesis. 349 94

The presence of FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide)-like immunoreactivity in neuronal elements in the hypothalamus suggested a role for this in the hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary function. We report here the action of FMRFamide on growth hormone release following intracerebroventricular administration to rats. The injection of 200 ng (313.8 picomoles) of FMRFamide (in 2 ul) produced a significantly increased plasma GH 15 min after injection. The GH-increasing effect of 400-800 ng (627-1255 picomoles) of FMRFamide was already developed after 5 min and lasted up to 30 min. No change was detected in the plasma FSH, LH and prolactin levels at any time during the experimental period. The intravenous administration of 10, 30 or 100 ug of FMRFamide had no effect on the plasma GH level. We conclude that FMRFamide can act at low doses to increase GH release through the inhibition of somatostatin release or the stimulation of GRF. We could not exclude a direct site of action in the pituitaries.
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PMID:Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (FMRFamide) stimulated growth hormone secretion in conscious OVX rats. 357 9

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), lysyl-bradykinin, somatostatin, Met- and Leu-enkephalin were tested for their smooth muscle activity in isolated human mesenteric arteries and veins. Only NPY regularly contracted both arteries and veins. Alpha-adrenergic and 5-HT2 antagonists did not affect the response. Somatostatin contracted the veins, but not the arteries, in a variable but concentration-dependent way. The other neuropeptides were without contractile effect. CGRP, bradykinin, and SP regularly dilated, in a concentration-dependent way, both arteries and veins precontracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha or uridine triphosphate. CGRP and bradykinin were the most potent dilators. VIP and somatostatin usually caused a moderate dilatation in the arteries, whereas in the veins, somatostatin was without dilatory effect and the VIP-induced dilatation was irregular. In both types of vessels Met-enkephalin seldom gave any significant dilatation, and no response occurred in the presence of Leu-enkephalin or NPY. The SP-antagonist (D-Arg, D-Trp, Leu)-SP (spantide) caused a dextal shift of the concentration-response curves for SP, in the case of the arteries also including a reduced maximum effect.
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PMID:Contractile and dilatory action of neuropeptides on isolated human mesenteric blood vessels. 358 45

In cultured rat hepatocytes, the effects of gut hormones on bile acid uptake and release were studied. It was found that cultured hepatocytes continued to secrete bile acids into the culture medium and incorporated them effectively as a function of incubation time. Gut hormones such as secretin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), tetragastrin, cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), neurotensin substance P, beta-endorphin (beta-End), methionine-enkephalin (Met-enk), motilin, bombesin and somatostatin (SS) had no effect on bile acid uptake by cultured hepatocytes. In bile acid release studies, only secretin caused a dose-dependent stimulation of bile acid release, while other gut hormones had no effect on bile acid release into medium. These results indicate that secretin acts directly on cultured rat hepatocytes and/or bile canaliculi, besides its effect on the bile duct, and influences bile acid metabolism.
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PMID:Effects of gut hormones on bile acid uptake and release in cultured rat hepatocytes. 359 53

A strumal carcinoid associated with mature cystic teratoma of the ovary in a 59-year-old was investigated immunohistochemically and electron microscopically. Histologically it was composed largely of trabecular and partly of insular carcinoid and individual thyroid follicles. Intensive argyrophilia was shown in both the cells of carcinoid tumor and follicular structure. Thyroglobulin was strongly positive in the follicular lining epithelium and weakly positive in the carcinoid cells adjacent to the follicular area. Immunoreactive cells for somatostatin and prostatic acid phosphatase were strongly detected in the carcinoid area and gradually blended to the follicular epithelium. Methionine-enkephalin, glicentin, and pancreatic polypeptide were focally detected in the carcinoid area. Whereas calcitonin-positive cells were sparsely observed in the follicular area, carcinoembryonic antigen and serotonin were absolutely negative. Electron microscopic findings revealed abundant neurosecretory granules, microfilaments, and colloid-like droplets in the same cells. We suggest that these hybrid cells are the origin of strumal carcinoid.
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PMID:Evidence of hybrid cell of thyroid follicular cell and carcinoid cell in strumal carcinoid. 375 24


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