Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have estimated the number of dentate granule cells in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats at 1, 4 and 12 months of age. In Sprague-Dawley rats the number of granule cells is relatively constant throughout this period at about 1 million. In Wistar rats, on the other hand, there is a progressive increase in the number from about 700,000 at 1 month to 1 million at 4 months; thereafter the number declines to about 800,000 at 1 year. Estimates of the numbers of cells in the polymorphic zone that can be stained immunohistochemically for somatostatin, cholecystokinin, vasoactive-intestinal peptide, and glutamic acid decarboxylase show no appreciable differences in the two strains.
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PMID:On the number of neurons in the dentate gyrus of the rat. 389 91

A system for studying growth and development of transplanted subpopulations of postmitotic cerebral cortical neurons is described. The cytotoxic drug methylazoxymethanol (MAM) was given to pregnant rats on the fourteenth day of gestation to destroy precursor cells of layers II-IV of the fetal cerebral cortex. Layer V and VI precursor cells which had completed their final division before MAM treatment and were unaffected by it, were labeled by a prior injection of [3H]thymidine. This strategy provides a donor cerebral cortex containing mainly neurons destined to form layers V and VI of the adult cerebral cortex; these cells are postmitotic. Pieces of donor cerebral cortex were transplanted to the cerebral hemispheres of normal newborn hosts at one day, two days, or 6 days after MAM treatment; survival was assessed 1-12 weeks after transplantation by autoradiography of histological sections. Radiolabeled graft cells survived in 89% of recipients and many of these grew axons into the host, as indicated by retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase. Significant numbers of graft cells could also be stained immunocytochemically for glutamic acid decarboxylase or for the peptides, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or cholecystokinin. A second group of experiments examined the routes of early axon outgrowth from normal and postmitotic fetal grafts. When the donor cortex had been incubated in a mixture of [3H]proline and [3H]leucine for 20 min prior to transplantation, the earliest axons growing out of the graft into normal newborn hosts could be assessed by autoradiography of axoplasmic transport after survivals in the host of 7 days. Normal and postmitotic grafts taken at E15 or E20 were capable of outgrowth, though the axons of E20 postmitotic cells did not grow far. The location of the transplant was the major determinant of where graft cells' axons grew and growth was mainly into existing axonal pathways of the host. In a third group of experiments, long term axonal projections from normal and postmitotic fetal transplants to 4 regions of the host brain--thalamus, contralateral cortex, striatum, and hippocampus--were examined with retrograde tracers 2-4 months after transplantation. Projections from grafts to the 4 host sites were highly dependent on the presence of nearby host axons connecting with those sites. Neurons in all types of graft projected to one or other of the 4 sites, but generally in small numbers. Higher proportions of cells in grafts from E15 MAM-treated donors projected to the host thalamus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Transplantation of fetal postmitotic neurons to rat cortex: survival, early pathway choices and long-term projections of outgrowing axons. 404 17

Motilin, [Met]enkephalin, [Leu]enkephalin, somatostatin, taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine were tested for their effects on Deiters neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus in rabbits. Iontophoresis was carried out with multibarrelled micropipettes. All four peptides and three amino acids produced depression of neuron firing. No facilitatory responses were observed. The depressant action of each peptide when iontophoresed alone was dose-dependent and was rapid in onset and recovery. Their characteristic actions suggest the possibility of their independent roles as strong inhibitors, although the experimental paradigm does not allow conclusions about the individual potency of each peptide. When GABA was administered together with motilin, [Met]enkephalin, or somatostatin, the effects of the peptide and GABA were additive, producing depression greater than that with application of either substance alone. When GABA was applied in conjunction with [Leu]enkephalin, more complex interactions were observed. At low iontophoretic currents, [Leu]enkephalin antagonized the action of GABA, producing a depression less than that of GABA alone and of considerably slower onset, suggesting an additional modulatory effect. These observations support the conclusion that all substances tested are chemical mediators in the lateral vestibular nucleus and [Leu]enkephalin may be a neuromodulator as well. Because recent immunocytochemical studies indicate that Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex are chemically heterogeneous and exhibit immunoreactivity for motilin, taurine, the enkephalins, and somatostatin, as well as for the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase, it is suggested that the Purkinje cell projections to vestibular and cerebellar nuclei are multimodal in their chemical coding. The uniformly depressant action of the peptides and amino acids reported here is consistent with earlier observations that Purkinje cells exert an inhibitory influence on the vestibular and central cerebellar nuclei.
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PMID:Inhibitory effects of motilin, somatostatin, [Leu]enkephalin, [Met]enkephalin, and taurine on neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus: interactions with gamma-aminobutyric acid. 612 70

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is regarded as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of vertebrates. GABA exerts its inhibitory actions by interacting with specific receptors on pre- and postsynaptic membranes and has been shown to inhibit somatostatin release from hypothalamic neurones in vitro. Concepts of innervation of the gastrointestinal tract have been expanded by recent studies which suggest that GABAergic neurones are not confined solely to the central nervous system but may also exist in the vertebrate peripheral autonomic nervous system. Jessen and coworkers have demonstrated the presence, synthesis and uptake of GABA by the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig taenia coli, and have documented the presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in isolated myenteric plexus. This enzyme is responsible for the conversion of glutamic acid to GABA in GABAergic neurones. The possibility that GABA may have a role in neurotransmission or neuromodulation in the enteric nervous system of the vertebrate gut has been suggested by several investigators. Furthermore, GABA receptors have been demonstrated on elements of the enteric nervous system. The effects of GABA on gastrointestinal endocrine cell function have not been examined. We report here the effects of GABA on gastrin and somatostatin release from isolated rat antral mucosa in short-term in vitro incubations.
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PMID:GABA affects the release of gastrin and somatostatin from rat antral mucosa. 613 39

The organization of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) in the adult rat was analyzed using cytoarchitectonic, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Four paired and four unpaired subnuclei can be distinguished in the IPN on the basis of neuronal size, morphology, staining characteristics and packing density. The rostral portion of the IPN contains a rostral dorsal, a rostral ventral and paired rostral lateral and dorsal lateral nuclei. The dorsal lateral nuclei continue into the caudal IPN, which also contains a caudal dorsal, a caudal ventral and paired caudal lateral nuclei. The distribution of extrinsic afferents and of chemically identified intrinsic neuronal and fiber populations within subdivisions of the IPN was examined using immunohistochemistry, acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, catecholamine histofluorescence and the autoradiographic tracing method. Six immunohistochemically distinct neuronal groups are identified in the IPN. Perikarya and axons showing substance P-, leu-enkephalin-, somatostatin-, avian pancreatic polypeptide-, serotonin- and glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity are localized to specific IPN subnuclei. Acetylcholinesterase-positive staining, extrinsic norepinephrine-containing fibers and afferents from the dorsal tegmental nuclei are also distributed specifically to IPN subnuclei. These findings demonstrate a cytoarchitectonic and cytochemical complexity in the rat IPN that implies an important functional role for this poorly understood nuclear complex.
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PMID:Interpeduncular nucleus organization in the rat: cytoarchitecture and histochemical analysis. 614 33

Neurons in the cat and monkey cerebral cortex were stained immunocytochemically for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GluDCase; L-glutamate 1-carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.15), somatostatin (SRIF), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK). In all areas of cortex examined (somatic sensory, motor, parietal and visual areas), neurons displaying immunoreactivity for each of these molecules were nonpyramidal cells. Co-localization of GluDCase immunoreactivity with peptide immunoreactivity in the same cells was demonstrated by (i) the antibody elution method, staining the same cells by immunofluorescence, first for a peptide and then for GluDCase; (ii) double staining of the same sections with sheep anti-GluDCase and rabbit anti-peptide antisera, the bound antibodies being localized by rhodamine-conjugated donkey anti-sheep and fluorescein-conjugated swine anti-rabbit secondary antisera. With both procedures, cell bodies immunoreactive for GluDCase and for each of the peptides were found in all areas of cortex examined. With double labeling on single sections, it was found that all CCK-, SRIF-, and NPY-immunoreactive cells in cat cortex and 90%-95% in monkey cortex are also GluDCase positive. Many more cells, however, are immunoreactive for GluDCase alone. GluDCase was co-localized with CCK, SRIF, or NPY not only in cell somata, but also in small punctate structures, which are likely to be axon terminals. From the data gained in previous electron microscopic studies, we postulate that neurons displaying GluDCase- and CCK-like immunoreactivity are a class separate from those displaying GluDCase- and SRIF-like immunoreactivity. NPY, however, is co-localized with SRIF immunoreactivity. These results imply that classes of cortical interneuron contain a conventional neurotransmitter (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and a neuromodulator (one of the peptides).
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PMID:Neuropeptide-containing neurons of the cerebral cortex are also GABAergic. 614 47

The distribution of vasopressin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, somatostatin-, avian pancreatic polypeptide-, 5-hydroxytryptamine- and glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity was analyzed in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of male and female golden hamsters. Vasopressin. Vasopressin-like immunoreactivity is localized within neurons, dendrites and axons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Immunoreactive perikarya are restricted to the dorsomedial aspect of each nucleus and occur in highest numbers within the intermediate two-thirds of the rostrocaudal axis. Axons containing vasopressin-like immunoreactivity form a dense plexus in the dorsomedial suprachiasmatic nuclei and in a vertical column at the lateral aspect of each nucleus. Somatostatin. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity is also contained in neurons in the dorsomedial aspect of the suprachiasmatic nuclei and in thin varicose axons distributed throughout the suprachiasmatic nuclei in a pattern similar to that of vasopressin-immunoreactive axons. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons are concentrated in the ventrolateral portion of each nucleus and occur almost exclusively within the intermediate two-thirds of the rostrocaudal axis. An extremely dense plexus of varicose axons exhibiting vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity extends throughout the suprachiasmatic nuclei and passes out of the dorsal aspect of each nucleus into the periventricular and anterior hypothalamic areas. Avian pancreatic polypeptide. Avian pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity is restricted to axons which arborize within the ventrolateral aspect of each nucleus. These fibers extend throughout the rostrocaudal extent of each nucleus and partially overlap the terminal field of retinal afferents. Glutamic acid decarboxylase. A very dense plexus of axonal varicosities exhibiting glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity fills both the dorsomedial and ventrolateral portions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei throughout the rostrocaudal extent of each nucleus. Lightly stained immunoreactive perikarya also occur throughout the suprachiasmatic nuclei. 5-Hydroxytryptamine. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity is restricted to axons which form a plexus in the ventromedial portion of each nucleus that is most dense in the intermediate two-thirds of the rostrocaudal axis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the golden hamster: immunohistochemical analysis of cell and fiber distribution. 615 Nov 47

The effect of intrathecal administration of capsaicin in the rat on thermal nociceptive thresholds and on the content of substance P, somatostatin and glutamic acid decarboxylase in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord was determined. The results suggest that the depletion of spinal cord substance P induced by capsaicin may not by itself be sufficient to explain the observed changes in noxious thermal thresholds, which may be related instead to non-specific damage to the spinal cord.
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PMID:A re-evaluation of the neurochemical and antinociceptive effects of intrathecal capsaicin in the rat. 616 38

Lesions of the subthalamic nucleus block behavioral effects of nigrostriatal dopamine depletion in rats and primates, but the contribution of this region to the molecular effects of dopaminergic lesions is unknown. The effects of subthalamic nucleus lesions alone or in combination with a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the substantia nigra were examined in adult rats. Unilateral subthalamic nucleus lesions caused ipsiversive rotation after peripheral administration of apomorphine and a small decrease in glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA in the ipsilateral globus pallidus (external pallidum). Confirming previous results, nigrostriatal dopaminergic lesions caused contraversive rotation after apomorphine injection, and increased enkephalin mRNA in the striatum, GAD mRNA in the globus pallidus, and somatostatin mRNA in the entopeduncular nucleus (internal pallidum) ipsilateral to the lesion. In addition, the lesion decreased substance P mRNA in the ipsilateral striatum compared to the contralateral side, and GAD mRNA in the contralateral entopeduncular nucleus. These effects were abolished in rats with lesions of the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra on the same side. Thus, the subthalamic lesions prevented changes in gene expression induced by dopamine depletion, not only in regions receiving a direct input from the subthalamic nucleus (ipsilateral pallidum), but also in regions which do not (striatum and contralateral pallidum). This suggests that polysynaptic pathways regulated by the subthalamic nucleus contribute to the effects of dopaminergic lesions in many regions of the basal ganglia. This pivotal role of the subthalamic nucleus may account for the beneficial effects of subthalamic nucleus lesions on motor symptoms resulting from dopamine depletion.
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PMID:Subthalamic nucleus lesions: widespread effects on changes in gene expression induced by nigrostriatal dopamine depletion in rats. 747 18

The presence of somatostatin in afferent fibers impinging on the goldfish Mauthner (M-) cell was determined using immunohistochemical methods, combined with confocal and electron microscopy, and the relationship of this peptide with inhibitory and excitatory terminals was studied. Somatostatin-reactive boutons were present only on the distal part of the M-cell's lateral dendrite. Somatostatin immunoreactivity was observed in typical large myelinated club endings (LMCEs) corresponding to mixed (electrical and chemical) eighth nerve primary afferent fibers. The axoplasm of these fibers contained dense-core vesicles (DCVs) dispersed among round vesicles. We have made a novel finding that the excitatory transmitter glutamate is present in LMCEs. Colocalization of this amino acid with somatostatin was detected in 75% of these endings using postembedding staining with gold particles of various sizes. The other structures labeled by somatostatin antibody were found to be small vesicle boutons (SVBs), which establish symmetrical synapses and contain a population of pleiomorphic vesicles with DCVs scattered among them. Double labeling with antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA allowed the definition of three types of biochemically characterized terminals: [somatostatin-GABA], [GABA], and [somatostatin]. However, the occurrence of DCVs in SVBs stained for GABA alone suggests that neuropeptides other than somatostatin may also coexist with GABA in this class of boutons. The coexistence of somatostatin with both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters acting on the same region of a postsynaptic cell is discussed in relation to the role postulated for this peptide in synaptic plasticity.
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PMID:Colocalization of somatostatin with GABA or glutamate in distinct afferent terminals presynaptic to the Mauthner cell. 790 14


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