Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of neuropeptidelike immunoreactivities in the adult guinea pig olfactory bulb was studied immunohistochemically with antisera raised against neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP), methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (ENK), somatostatin (SOM), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and cholecystokinin-8 (CCK). In the main olfactory bulb, NT-like immunoreactive (NT-IR) neurons were found among periglomerular cells. In addition, a few periglomerular cells showed ENK-like immunoreactivity. Granule cells displaying SP- or ENK-like immunoreactivities and short axon cells with SOM- or NPY-like immunoreactivities were observed in the deeper half of the granule cell layer. SOM-IR short axon cells were also seen in the external plexiform layer. Dense NT- or NPY-IR fibers were distributed in superficial lamina of the granule cell layer, and sparse SP- or CCK-IR fibers were found in the glomerular layer. In the accessory olfactory bulb, some mitral, periglomerular, and granule cells showed NT-like immunoreactivity. SP- or ENK-IR granule cells were also observed. These results are discussed in relation to laminar organization of the olfactory bulb. The most characteristic features of peptide distribution in guinea pigs, as compared with that of rats in previous studies, were the relative abundance of NT-IR structures and the lack of SP- and CCK-IR juxtaglomerular and tufted cells.
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PMID:Distribution of neuropeptidelike immunoreactivities in the guinea pig olfactory bulb. 246 94

We have examined the distribution pattern and the density of various neuropeptide, neurotransmitter and enzyme containing neurons in the rat medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to assess their possible involvement in the septohippocampal, septocortical and septobulbar pathways. Immunohistochemical methods were combined with the retrograde transport of a protein-gold complex injected in the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex or the olfactory bulb. Cholinergic neurons were the most numerous. Galanin-positive neurons were about two or three times less numerous than cholinergic cells. Both these cell types had a similar location though the choline acetyl transferase-like immunoreactive cells extended more caudally in the horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Immunoreactive cells for other neuroactive substances were few (calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. [Met]enkephalin-arg-gly-leu) or occasional (dynorphin B, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y and substance P). No immunoreactive cells for bombesin, alpha atrial natriuretic factor, corticotropin releasing factor, 5-hydroxytryptamine, melanocyte stimulating hormone, oxytocin, prolactin, tyrosine hydroxylase or arg-vasopressin were present. Choline acetyltransferase- and galanin-like immunoreactive cells densely participate to septal efferents. Cholinergic neurons constituted the bulk of septal efferent neurons. Galanin-positive cells were 22% of septohippocampal, 8% of septocortical, and 9% of septobulbar neurons. Galanin containing septohippocampal neurons were found in the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca; galanin-positive septobulbar and septocortical cells were limited to the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Occasional double-labellings were noticed with some peptides other than galanin. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were the most often observed; some other projecting cells stained for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or dynorphin B. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were observed in septohippocampal neurons; luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and vasoactive intestinal peptide were observed in septocortical neurons and calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and dynorphin B were observed in septo-bulbar cells. These results show that, in addition to acetylcholine, galanin is a major cellular neuroactive substance in septal projections to the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex and the olfactory bulb. The presence of septal projecting neurons immunoreactive for other peptides shows that a variety of distinct peptides may also participate, but in a smaller number, to septal efferent pathways.
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PMID:Cholinergic and peptidergic projections from the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to dorsal hippocampus, cingulate cortex and olfactory bulb: a combined wheatgerm agglutinin-apohorseradish peroxidase-gold immunohistochemical study. 247 18

Immunohistochemically, the cyclic retradecapeptide somatostatin was demonstrated in periglomerular cells and fibres of the glomerular layer (Fig. 3) of the human olfactory bulb as well as in the superficial granule layer and fibres (Fig. 2) of the olfactory tract. Additionally, somatostatin was found in endothelial cells of subepithelial arterioles and capillaries of the regio olfactoria (Fig. 4a, b) and superior turbinate. We assume that somatostatin has a paracrine transmitter function in the peripheral olfactory system and a regulative function on the blood flow of the superior nasal mucosa.
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PMID:[Immunoreactive somatostatin in the peripheral olfactory system and nasal mucosa of the human]. 256 65

The biochemical characterization and anatomical distribution of somatostatin binding sites were examined in the brain of the frog Rana ridibunda, and the distribution of the receptors was compared with the location of somatostatin immunoreactive neurons. The pharmacological profile of somatostatin receptors was determined in the frog brain by means of an iodinated superagonist of somatostatin, [125I-Tyr0,DTrp8]S-14. Membrane-enriched preparations from frog brain homogenates were shown to contain high-affinity receptors (KD = 0.78 +/- 0.34 nM; Bmax = 103 + 12.7 fmoles/mg protein) with pharmacological specificity for [DTrp] substituted S14 and S28 analogs. The distribution of somatostatin-binding sites was studied by autoradiography on coronal sections of frog brain. Various densities of somatostatin receptors were detected in discrete areas of the brain. The highest concentration of binding sites was observed in the olfactory bulb, in the pallium, and in the superficial tectum. Moderate binding was observed in the striatum, amygdaloid complex, preoptic area, and cerebellum. Immunocytochemical studies of the distribution of somatostatin-28 (S28) related peptides were also conducted in the frog brain. Two antisera that recognize distinct epitopes of the somatostatin molecule have been used for immunohistochemical mapping of the peptide. Antiserum SS9 recognizes both S28 and somatostatin-14 (S14) and allowed the labelling of perikarya. Antiserum S320 recognizes the N-terminal fragment (1-12) resulting from enzymatic cleavage of S28. This latter antiserum, which does not cross-react with S28, stained mainly neuronal processes. At the infundibular level, however, both antisera stained cell bodies and fibers. Immunoreactive somatostatin-related peptides were detected in many areas of the frog brain. In the diencephalon, a heavy accumulation of perikarya and fibers was seen in the preoptic nucleus, the dorsal and ventral infundibular nuclei, and the median eminence. Immunoreactive perikarya were also observed in the telencephalon, especially in the pallium and in thalamic nuclei. Immunostained processes were detected in many telencephalic areas and in the tectum. There was good correlation between the distribution of somatostatin-immunoreactive elements and the location of somatostatin-binding sites in several areas of the brain, in particular in the median pallium, the tectum, and the interpeduncular nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Distribution of somatostatin receptors in the brain of the frog Rana ridibunda: correlation with the localization of somatostatin-containing neurons. 256 40

A double-labeling immunofluorescence colocalization technique was used to examine the extent of coexistence of somatostatin (SOM)-like immunoreactivity with neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein (D-CaBP)-like immunoreactivities in neurons of the rat main olfactory bulb. SOM-like immunoreactivity (SOM-I) was distributed within restricted populations of periglomerular neurons and deep short-axon cells, and rarely within superficial short-axon cells at the glomerular layer/external plexiform layer (GL/EPL) border region. Double-labeling analysis revealed that all of the SOM-I deep and superficial short-axon cells also contained NPY-I. Colocalization of SOM-I and TH-I or of SOM-I and D-CaBP-I was infrequently observed within periglomerular neurons. The rare SOM-I short-axon cells at the GL/EPL border always exhibited D-CaBP-I. These results demonstrate virtual complete coexistence of SOM and NPY in short-axon neurons of the main olfactory bulb. With a few exceptions, however, bulbar SOM neurons appear to constitute subclasses of periglomerular cells immunohistochemically distinct from those containing TH or D-CaBP.
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PMID:Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in rat main olfactory bulb: extent of coexistence with neuropeptide Y-, tyrosine hydroxylase- and vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein-like immunoreactivities. 257 95

Recent studies have indicated that peptidergic inputs to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are more developed in man than in rodents. To facilitate interspecies comparisons, the definition of the chemoanatomical subdivisions of the human bed nucleus of the stria terminalis was attempted. The immunocytochemistry of synenkephalin, [Met]enkephalin, somatostatin, and tyrosine hydroxylase was analysed on four verticofrontal levels in five control subjects. Four principal sectors were identified in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: (1) lateral, displaying an irregular patchy terminal innervation overlapping for the four markers studied; (2) central, characterized by a high density of somatostatin neurons, by pericellular basket-like formations for all markers, and by a shell of dense somatostatin innervation; (3) medial, characterized by a less dense aminergic and peptidergic innervation; and (4) lateroventral, where peptidergic (somatostatin and enkephalin) peridendritic plexuses were prominent. Double-labeling analyses showed that the somatostatin, enkephalin and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive terminals rarely converged on the same soma or dendrite even in areas where they appeared closely interdigitated. The differences and similarities of these sectors with those defined in the rat are discussed; a marked development of the lateral and ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is emphasized in man. Islands with dense peptidergic innervation, similar to the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, extended into the sublenticular substantia innominata (intercalated between the ventral pallidum and the basal magnocellular nucleus). This supports the existence of an extended amygdaloid complex from the amygdala to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the human brain, as has been proposed in the rat. In relation to the literature, the present findings suggest the increasing importance of the central and lateral amygdaloid-bed nucleus of the stria terminals components and of their cortical connections in man while the medial amygdala-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis nuclei, which are preferentially connected to the olfactory system, appear less developed.
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PMID:Chemoanatomic compartments in the human bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. 257 58

Previous studies have suggested that insulin may play a role in the hormonal regulation of neurotransmitter metabolisms within the central nervous system. In order to provide additional information to support this hypothesis, we examined the distribution of insulin receptors within the forebrain of adult male rats. Insulin receptors were localized by immunocytochemistry, using an antibody directed against the carboxy-terminus of the beta-subunit of the insulin receptor. The antibody specificity was tested by immunoprecipitation of brain insulin receptors with antiserum and the purity of the receptor-antibody preparation was determined using hormone binding-assays with radiolabeled insulin and insulin-like growth factor-l. Insulin receptor-like immunoreactivity was found in a widespread, but selective, distribution on neurons throughout the rat forebrain. Double-labeling with glial fibrillary acidic protein did not demonstrate any detectable insulin receptor-like immunoreactivity on glial cells. Areas with the highest density of insulin receptor-like immunoreactivity were found in the olfactory bulbs, hypothalamus and median eminence, medial habenula, subthalamic nucleus, subfornical organ, CA 1/2 pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus and piriform cortex. Double-staining of hypothalamic sections with somatostatin and vasopressin antisera revealed insulin receptor-like immunoreactivity on a subpopulation of somatostatin neurons in the periventricular region and on vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic nucleus. A moderately dense insulin receptor-like immunoreactivity was observed in layers II-IV of cerebral cortex, medial amygdala, reticular thalamic nucleus, zona incerta, and preoptic and septal regions, whereas a low density of insulin receptor-like immunoreactive neurons was found in basolateral amygdala and most thalamic regions. The basal ganglia and most parts of the thalamus were almost devoid of insulin receptor-like immunoreactivity. Our findings provide morphological support for a direct action of insulin on selected regions of the rat forebrain and suggest that the insulin receptor may modulate synaptic transmission or the release of neurotransmitters and peptide hormones in the CNS.
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PMID:Distribution of insulin receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat forebrain. 277 Oct 55

The distribution of central neurons displaying somatostatin immunoreactivity was studied using three monoclonal antibodies to cyclic somatostatin. The sensitive ABC immunoperoxidase technique was employed. A large number of positive cell groups including many previously undescribed populations were detected throughout the brain and spinal cord. Telencephalic somatostatin neurons included periglomerular cells in the olfactory bulb, mitral cells in the accessory olfactory bulb, and multipolar cells in the anterior olfactory nuclei, neocortex, amygdala, hippocampus, lateral septum, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. Within the hypothalamus, positive neurons were found in the periventricular, suprachiasmatic, and arcuate nuclei, and throughout the anterior and lateral hypothalamus. The entopeduncular nucleus and zona incerta contained many positive neurons, and the lateral habenula had a dense terminal field suggesting a pallidohabenula somatostatin pathway. Somatostatin neurons were also found in association with many sensory systems. Positive cells were present in the superior and inferior colliculi, the ventral cochlear nuclei, the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, nucleus cuneatus, nucleus gracilus, and the substantia gelatinosa. Various cerebellar circuits also displayed somatostatin immunoreactivity. Golgi cells throughout the cerebellar cortex were intensely stained, and some Purkinje cells in the paraflocculus also showed a positive reaction. Positive fibers were present in the granular layer and large varicose fibers were present in the inferior cerebellar peduncle. Many nuclei known to project to the cerebellum, including the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, the medial accessory inferior olive, the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, and many areas of the reticular formation contained positive neurons. These studies demonstrate that these new monoclonal antibodies are of great value for the study of central somatostatin systems. Previously described somatostatin systems are readily detected with these antibodies, and in addition, many otherwise unrecognized somatostatin cell groups have been discovered.
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PMID:Central somatostatin systems revealed with monoclonal antibodies. 286 60

Somatostatin receptor-binding sites have been visualized by autoradiography in the rat central nervous system and the pituitary using the [Tyr3] derivative of the stable octapeptide somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995, code named 204-090 (sequence in text), which has been shown to label specifically high-affinity somatostatin receptors in brain homogenates. Receptors are particularly concentrated in the deeper layers of the cerebral cortex and large areas of the limbic system are rich in somatostatin receptors, in particular the hippocampus (CA1, CA2, dentate gyrus), most amygdaloid nuclei, the medial habenula and the septum. Parts of the olfactory, visual and auditory, as well as visceral and somatic sensory systems are heavily labelled, in particular the anterior olfactory nucleus and tubercle, the superior and inferior colliculi, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord and the spinal trigeminal nucleus. It is of interest that the central grey and locus coeruleus are also substantially labelled with [125I]204-090. Striatum has moderate amounts of somatostatin receptors, distributed in a patchy and heterogeneous way. Cerebellum and substantia nigra are virtually devoid of somatostatin receptors. The described receptors are likely to represent the molecular target for a variety of pharmacological actions of somatostatin in the central nervous system and they emphasize the role played by somatostatin as a neuropeptide in this organ.
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PMID:Autoradiographic mapping of somatostatin receptors in the rat central nervous system and pituitary. 286 57

Somatostatins are a brain peptide family centered on a 14-amino acid cyclic peptide (SS-14) and a 28-amino acid N-terminally extended form (SS-28). Using radioiodinated analogs of SS-14 and SS-28, we have identified specific binding sites in rat and human brain sections that display pharmacological properties anticipated for somatostatin receptors and discrete patterns of anatomical localization. High binding densities are found in many forebrain regions, with special densities in infragranular cerebral cortical laminae in rat and human brain. In the rat, other densities lie in olfactory zones, lateral and triangular septal nuclei, the CA-1 hippocampal region, and claustrum with moderate densities in the striatum. Discrete hypothalamic areas, especially the median preoptic, paraventricular, and periventricular nuclei, display elevated binding levels, while the thalamus shows only scattered areas of modest binding. Midbrain receptor concentrations are found in portions of the periaqueductal gray, interpeduncular nucleus, and the substantia nigra. Notable pontine and medullary densities lie in the locus coeruleus, fourth ventricular floor, parabrachial, solitary, prepositus hypoglossal, dorsal column, and caudal trigeminal zones. Although the cerebellar cortex shows unimpressive densities, each of the deep cerebellar nuclei is heavily labeled. Modest spinal cord receptor densities are concentrated in the substantia gelatinosa and central cord regions. These localizations show many parallels with the distributions of SS-immunoreactive neurons, fibers, and terminals determined previously by immunohistochemistry. They provide plausible loci for several reported physiological or pharmacological activities of the SS-peptides, and may improve understanding of the role of the SS alterations described in several human neurodegenerative disorders.
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PMID:Somatostatin receptors: distribution in rat central nervous system and human frontal cortex. 286 2


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