Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patterns of immunoreactivity for calcium-binding protein, tyrosine hydroxylase and four neuropeptides in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and ventromedial parts of the caudate nucleus and putamen) were compared to patterns of these markers in the dorsal striatum (the majority of the neostriatum) in rhesus monkey. The striatal mosaic was delineated by calcium-binding protein and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities. Both markers were found preferentially in the matrix of the dorsal striatum. The mosaic configurations of tyrosine hydroxylase, but not calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity, were similar in dorsal and ventral striatal regions. Substance P and leucine-enkephalin were not distributed homogeneously; distinct types and the prevalence of patches of substance P and leucine-enkephalin immunoreactivity distinguish the dorsal striatum from the ventral striatum and distinguish the caudate nucleus from the putamen. In the dorsal striatum, substance P and leucine-enkephalin patches consist of dense islands of immunoreactive neurons and puncta or clusters of immunoreactive neurons marginated by a dense rim of terminal-like puncta; the matrix was also enriched in leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons but contained less substance P-immunoreactive neurons. Patches were more prominent in the caudate nucleus than in the putamen. In the caudate, compartments low in tyrosine hydroxylase and calcium-binding protein immunoreactivities corresponded to cytologically identified cell islands and to patches enriched in substance P and leucine-enkephalin. These patches had a discrete infrastructure based on the location of substance P and leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons and terminals. In the ventral striatum, patches that showed low levels of substance P and leucine-enkephalin immunoreactivities were embedded in a matrix rich in immunoreactive cell bodies, fibers and terminals. In the accumbens, regions showing little tyrosine hydroxylase were in spatial register with patches low in substance P and leucine-enkephalin. Neurotensin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons or processes were also compartmentally organized, particularly in the ventral striatum. Neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons were present predominantly in the nucleus accumbens but not in the dorsal striatum. Some regions enriched in neurotensin immunoreactivity were spatially registered with zones low in tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P and zones enriched in leucine-enkephalin. Areas enriched in somatostatin-immunoreactive processes overlapped with both tyrosine hydroxylase-rich and -poor regions in the ventral striatum. Our results show that the chemoarchitectonic topography of the striatal mosaic is different in the dorsal and ventral striatum of rhesus monkey and that the compartmental organization of some neurotransmitters/neuropeptides in the ventral striatum is variable and not as easily divisible into conventional patch and matrix regions as in the dorsal striatum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The striatal mosaic in primates: patterns of neuropeptide immunoreactivity differentiate the ventral striatum from the dorsal striatum. 168 64

Previous studies have shown changes in both somatostatin (SS)- and proenkephalin(PE)-derived peptides in the brains of amygdaloid-kindled rats, suggesting possible roles for the peptides in the kindling process. In this study, we have extended this analysis by looking at the time course of changes in SS and PE mRNAs at various times after kindling, in comparison with a single non-convulsive stimulation. Blot analysis of total RNA showed increases in SS mRNA in striatum, frontal cortex and hippocampus of animals receiving only a single stimulation as well as kindled animals--the increase occurred 1-3 days following stimulation and levels were back to basal by 1 week. PE mRNA did not change. In situ hybridization analysis, one day after the last kindling stimulation, showed significant elevations of SS mRNA in CA1, CA2 and dentate gyrus of hippocampus and of PE mRNA in olfactory cortex that were specific to kindling. However, both a single stimulation and kindling increased PE mRNA in olfactory tubercle and arcuate nucleus. In contrast, a single electrical stimulus increased PE mRNA in ventral striatum and SS mRNA in cingulate cortex and olfactory tubercle. These data support the idea that changes of SS mRNA in hippocampus and of PE mRNA in olfactory cortex may be related to kindling, and point out the importance of using animals which receive a single electrical stimulus, rather than sham-operated animals, as controls.
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PMID:Alterations in somatostatin and proenkephalin mRNA in response to a single amygdaloid stimulation versus kindling. 168 28

Projections from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) to the frontal cortex and the striatum were studied by using Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) anterograde tracing technique in the rat. PHA-L injections into the rostral part of the BLA resulted in a dense labeling of fibers with boutons in the dorsal bank of the rhinal fissure and in the lateral and the medial agranular cortex. PHA-L injections into the caudal part of the BLA produced a dense labeling of fibers in the medial surface of the frontal cortex. In most of the cortical regions, labeled fibers were predominantly distributed in two bands: one in the deep part of layers I and II and the other, heavier band, in layers V and VI. PHA-L injections into the rostral BLA resulted in a dense labeling of fibers with boutons in the olfactory tubercle, the rostral and caudolateral portion of the nucleus accumbens, and a large region of the caudate-putamen. The labeled area of the caudate-putamen included the rostroventral area, the central area, and the area caudal to the anterior commissure and dorsal and lateral to the globus pallidus. PHA-L injections into the caudal BLA produced fiber labeling in the most rostromedial area of the caudate-putamen facing the lateral ventricle, the medial portion of the nucleus accumbens, and the lateral septum. In the rostroventral striatum, PHA-L-labeled fibers selectively innervated the matrix compartment that contains abundant somatostatin-immunoreactive fibers. Compartmental segregation was less clear in the caudodorsolateral caudate-putamen and in the nucleus accumbens. Electron microscopy revealed that PHA-L-labeled boutons in the striatum contained abundant, small, round vesicles. These boutons formed asymmetrical synapses with dendritic spines of striatal neurons.
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PMID:Amygdaloid projections to the frontal cortex and the striatum in the rat. 169 28

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were isolated from a primitive neuroectodermal tumor and fused with GM4672 cells, resulting in hybrids secreting human IgM-kappa antibody, which is reactive to olfactory neuroblastoma tumor cells. Hybridoma clones 4F and 9G produce human monoclonal antibodies reactive to autologous and allogeneic neuroblastoma tumor cells and subsets of pancreatic islet cells in formalin-fixed tissues. They react specifically with dense core granules of glucagon and insulin-producing islet cells, but not with those in cells producing somatostatin. Calcitonin granules are not recognized by these antibodies. The area of localization of the granules is distinct from the component labeled by murine monoclonal antibodies to chromogranin A. The clones have remained stable in culture for over two years and continue to secrete up to 60 micrograms/mL of human IgM. This study demonstrates the possibility of directly analyzing the antibody repertoire of tumor-infiltrating B cells, and this technique may allow the development of human monoclonal antibodies to other novel cellular antigens.
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PMID:Human monoclonal antibodies to neuroendocrine granules derived from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes isolated from a primitive neuroectodermal tumor. 196 74

Using quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography, minute distributions of 125I-Tyr11-somatostatin (SS)-14 binding sites were investigated in the rat forebrain and diencephalon. In the cerebral cortex, there was a high density of receptors observed in layers V-VI and a low density in layers I-IV. The entorhinal cortex displayed the highest receptor density of the cerebral cortices. The olfactory system had a high SS receptor density. The anterior olfactory nucleus, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, medial habenular nucleus and the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus showed moderate densities. In the limbic system, the CA1 and subiculum regions had high receptor densities. More detailed observations revealed high receptor densities in the oriens, radiatum and lacunosum layers and a much lower density in the pyramidal cell layer. The caudate putamen and substantia nigra showed low receptor densities, while the claustrum displayed the highest density of receptors in the rat brain. These data were not consistent with those of previous studies using 125I-SS-28 and 125I-201-995, which had shown that the high receptor density area in the basolateral amygdaloid group was identified as the lateral amygdaloid nucleus, and that the pyramidal cell layer in the hippocampus showed high receptor densities.
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PMID:Mapping of somatostatin receptor localization in rat brain: forebrain and diencephalon. 197 Sep 45

The postnatal development of the distribution of somatostatin immunoreactive (SOMLI) neurons and fibers in the forebrain of the Balb/C mouse and their relationship to cholinergic afferents have been examined. SOMLI was first discernable in the hypothalamus on postnatal day (PND) 3 and increased gradually to reach adult levels by PND 30. In the limbic system, SOMLI is detectable at birth. In all other structures of the forebrain, SOMLI could be observed by PND 3 but the distribution, density and morphology of the immunoreactive neurons evolved over the following 2-3 weeks. In general, SOMLI cells and fibers increased for 1-3 weeks after their initial appearance and subsequently declined to achieve adult levels. The distribution pattern of SOMLI elements in adult mouse brain was similar to previous reports in rat with a few notable differences in thalamus, olfactory structures and, to a lesser degree, cortex and hippocampus. The temporal pattern of SOMLI expression in extrahypothalamus forebrain regions, during development, suggests a role of this peptide in differentiation and synapse formation. Such an hypothesis receives further support from neonatal lesions of the basal forebrain which resulted in transient cortical cholinergic deafferentation, a delay of cortical differentiation and a transient increase in the number of SOMLI cells in cortex.
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PMID:Developmental expression of somatostatin in mouse brain. I. Immunocytochemical studies. 197 42

The effects of acute and chronic cocaine (40 mg/Kg i.p.) in vivo administration, on 125I-Tyr11-somatostatin binding and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the rat frontoparietal cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulb were explored. Acute and chronic cocaine administration did not affect the levels of SLI in the three brain areas studied. Acute cocaine administration resulted in an 55% and 32% decrease in the total number of specific somatostatin receptors in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb respectively, but not in the frontoparietal cortex. Somatostatin receptor affinity increased in the hippocampus and was unaltered in frontoparietal cortex and olfactory bulb. After two weeks of daily cocaine injections the somatostatin binding in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb returned to control values. The in vitro addition of cocaine to a brain membrane preparation obtained from untreated rats did not markedly affect somatostatin binding characteristics. These results are suggestive of a possible role for somatostatin in the limbic structures as a response to cocaine administration.
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PMID:Effects of acute and chronic cocaine administration on somatostatin level and binding in the rat brain. 197 55

The cellular localization of preprosomatostatin mRNA in the rat brain and sensory ganglia has been examined in detail using a newly developed highly sensitive non-radioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry procedure. An alkaline phosphatase labelled anti-sense 30mer oligodeoxynucleotide probe was used for detection of somatostatin mRNA. This probe readily demonstrated somatostatin gene expression throughout the rat CNS with very high contrast and good cellular localization. As a result, we visualized numerous somatostatin mRNA-positive cells in many CNS areas which had previously not been shown to contain a mRNA signal. This method detected a number of somatostatin mRNA-positive cells, in the mitral cell layer of accessory olfactory bulb, the glomerular layer of the main olfactory bulb, the dorsal part of the lateral septum, superficial gray layer of superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, anterior ventral cochlear nucleus, granular layer and Purkinje cell layer of cerebellum, and substantia gelatinosa of medulla and spinal cord, all areas where signal detection using radiolabelled in situ probes has previously been rather difficult. The principle advantages of the present method include the very precise cellular resolution of signal, the rapid reaction time and low background. The sensitivity of the present method seems to be at least equivalent to most immunocytochemical procedures and more sensitive than most isotopic in situ hybridization methods.
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PMID:Distribution of somatostatin mRNA in the rat nervous system as visualized by a novel non-radioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry procedure. 197 30

The distribution of two major immunoreactive forms of somatostatin, somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-34, within the brain, pancreas and intestine of adult lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, was identified using antisera raised against these peptides. Immunostaining of the brain is similar in juveniles and upstream migrants, and somatostatin-14 is the major somatostatin form demonstrated. A few somatostatin-34-containing cells are localized within the olfactory bulbs, thalamus and hypothalamus, but cells immunoreactive to anti-somatostatin-34 in the hypothalamus and thalamus do not co-localize somatostatin-14. Immunostaining of pinealocytes within the pineal pellucida with anti-somatostatin-14 may infer a novel function for this structure. Somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-34 are co-localized within D-cells of the cranial pancreas and caudal pancreas of juveniles and upstream migrants. Numerous somatostatin-34-immunoreactive cells are distributed within the epithelial mucosa of the anterior intestine but not all of these cells cross-react with anti-somatostatin-14. It appears that somatostatin-34 is the major somatostatin in the pancreo-gastrointestinal system of adult lampreys.
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PMID:Distribution of two forms of somatostatin in the brain, anterior intestine, and pancreas of adult lampreys (Petromyzon marinus). 198 92

The distribution of seven kinds of neuropeptide precursor mRNA-containing neurons was investigated in the rat main and accessory olfactory bulbs, where various peptides have previously been identified immunohistochemically, by means of in situ hybridization using [35S]cRNA probes. In the glomerular layer, numerous preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone mRNA-expressing neurons, moderate numbers of preprosomatostatin and preproenkephalin A neurons, and a small number of preprocholecystokinin neurons were detected. In the external plexiform layer, numerous medium sized preprocholecystokinin and preprocorticotropin-releasing hormone neurons, and a small number of beta-preprotachykinin A neurons were observed. In addition, small preprovasoactive intestinal polypeptide and preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons were evenly distributed in the external plexiform layer. Medium to large sized beta-preprotachykinin A neurons formed a thin layer in the mitral cell layer. In the granule cell layer, in addition to numerous small preproenkephalin A neurons, moderate numbers of small beta-preprotachykinin A and preprocorticotropin-releasing hormone neurons, and a small number of preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons, were identified. Large sized preprosomatostatin neurons were located in the deep layer of the granule cell layer. The distribution patterns of these neurons, as a whole, confirmed previous studies based on immunohistochemistry, although peptide precursor mRNA-expressing neurons were far more numerous than those immunoreactive to the respective neuropeptides. Moreover, mRNA-expressing neurons were observed in areas where no immunoreactive neurons had been observed (e.g. preprovasoactive intestinal polypeptide and preprosomatostatin neurons in the mitral cell layer of the assessory olfactory bulb). The distribution patterns were generally similar in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs.
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PMID:Localization of neuropeptide precursor-synthesizing neurons in the rat olfactory bulb: a hybridization histochemical study. 227 Jan 38


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