Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Selective catheterization of hepatic, intestinal and adrenal veins with blood sampling for serotonin and catecholamine determination was evaluated regarding its use in the diagnosis, location and characterization of carcinoids and pheochromocytomas. Catheterization of intestinal veins via the transhepatic route and of the adrenal veins via the femoral and caval veins was performed in 49 patients without major complications. High pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was used to quantitate norepinephrine and epinephrine in plasma and serotonin in plasma and whole blood. Serotonin in plasma was also determined by an enzymatic procedure. In 30 patients with suspected or verified carcinoid tumors concentration of serotonin in tumor-draining veins was clearly elevated in all patients but one. In this patient, who previously had been treated with temporary liver dearterialization, the serotonin concentration in the hepatic vein was within the normal range in spite of the existence of liver metastases. Hyperserotoninemia was registered in one patient without detectable carcinoid tumor cells. In three patients determination of norepinephrine and epinephrine in adrenal venous blood diagnosed a hyperplasia and tumors in the adrenal medulla. In these cases angiography and computed tomography were negative. Microscopic analyses revealed serotonin in all carcinoids and substance P-like immunoreactivity in a large percentage of these tumors. PP-like and glucagon-like immunoreactivity were observed in two endocrine pancreatic tumors. In normal adrenal medulla and in adrenal medullary tumor tissue catecholamine fluorescence and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity were demonstrated. In the two pheochromocytomas ACTH-like, somatostatin-like and calcitonin-like immunoreactivities were identified. The technique with determinations of plasma serotonin and catecholamines in combination with selective catheterization is a useful investigation for the diagnosis, location and follow-up of patients with carcinoids and pheochromocytomas.
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PMID:Localization of carcinoids and pheochromocytomas with vein catheterization and amine determination. 717 48

Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that substance P (SP), injected into benzylpenicilloyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (BPO-KLH) sensitized mice at the peak of the benzylpenicilloyl (BPO)-specific IgE response, suppressed these responses in isotype-specific fashion within 48 h. These studies also showed that SP, but not neurotensin (NT), serotonin (5-HT), somatostatin (SOM) or gastrin, suppressed BPO-specific memory IgE antibody-forming cell (AFC) responses induced in vitro, also in isotype-specific fashion. To investigate the mechanisms by which SP suppressed BPO-specific IgE AFC responses were induced in vitro, these responses were induced by culturing spleen cells from BPO-KLH sensitized mice for 5 days with BPO-KLH with or without whole SP, amino terminal SP (SP 1-4: Arg-Lys-Pro-Lys), or carboxy terminal SP (SP 8-11: Phe-Gly-Leu-Met). In some experiments, the SP receptor antagonist (D-Pro2, D-Phe7, D-Trp9)-SP (D-SP) was included in culture. In other experiments anti-interferon monoclonal antibody (anti-IFN gamma mAb) was in culture. Whole SP and SP 8-11, but not SP 1-4, suppressed BPO-specific IgE AFC responses induced in vitro. The suppression obtained was IgE isotype-specific and dose-dependent. Inclusion of SP receptor antagonist (D-Pro2, D-Phe7, D-Trp9)-SP inhibited suppression of BPO-specific memory IgE AFC responses by SP or SP 8-11. The SP-mediated suppression of BPO-specific memory IgE responses appeared to involve interferon gamma (IFN gamma).
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PMID:Neuropeptide-mediated regulation of hapten-specific IgE responses in mice. II. Mechanisms of substance P-mediated isotype-specific suppression of BPO-specific IgE antibody-forming cell responses induced in vitro. 750 99

Four somatostatin-related peptides were isolated from eel guts. Two of them were the same as eel SS-25II (eSS-25II) and eel SS-25I (eSS-25I) isolated from European eel pancreas. The remaining two peptides were C-terminal tetradecapeptides (eSS-14II and eSS-14I) of eSS-25II and eSS-25I, respectively. These four peptides all enhanced the serosa-negative transepithelial potential difference and short-circuit current across the seawater eel intestine after pretreatment with isobutylmethylxanthine, serotonin (5-HT) and methacholine, an agonist of acetylcholine (ACh). Among these peptides, eSS-25II was the most potent enhancer, followed by eSS-25I and eSS-14II. Since the large peptide (eSS-25II) acts at a lower concentration than the small somatostatin (eSS-14II), the 11 N-terminal amino acid residues seem to potentiate somatostatin action in the eel intestine. In contrast, eSS-14II was more potent than mammalian SS-14, indicating that the three amino acid residues (Tyr18, Gly21, Pro22) in the C-terminal portion also contribute to the potency of somatostatin. Endogenous somatostatin (eSS-25II) activated net Na+, Cl- and water fluxes across the seawater eel intestine. This stimulatory action was not inhibited by tetrodotoxin or yohimbine, an adrenergic antagonist, indicating that eSS-25II does not act through neuronal firing or through catecholamine release. Thus, eel somatostatins may act directly on the enterocytes, but on a distinct receptor from that for adrenaline, to antagonize the inhibition of NaCl and water absorption by 5-HT and ACh in the seawater eel intestine.
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PMID:Somatostatin-related peptides isolated from the eel gut: effects on ion and water absorption across the intestine of the seawater eel. 752 32

The respiratory tract of urodeles harbours an intramural nerve network comprising an innervated system of neuroepithelial endocrine (NEE) cells. However, striking differences have been noted between phylogenetically closely related species. Zamboni- or formaldehyde-fixed whole-mount preparations and sections of the saclike lungs of a Japanese salamander, Cynops salamander, Cynops pyrrhogaster, have been investigated for the immunocytochemical detection of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), serotonin (5-HT), VIP, somatostatin, calcitonin, and bombesin; for the enzyme-cytochemical demonstration of NADPH diaphorase (NADPHd); and for formaldehyde-induced fluorescence. In addition, the ultrastructural morphology has been examined by using glutaraldehyde/osmium tetroxide fixed lung tissues. Ovoid 5-HT-immunoreactive (IR) NEE cells occur singly or grouped in the ciliomucous epithelium of the trachea and lungs of Cynops, and a few somatostatin-, calcitonin-, and bombesin-like IR NEE cells are also observed. These cells exhibit a characteristic neuroendocrine morphology as seen with the electron microscope. In addition, large numbers of 5-HT-IR interstitial cells, with round to oval cell bodies and two or three long, slender, sometimes branching processes, are located preferentially along large blood vessels in the connective tissue capsule of the lung and trachea. Immunoelectronmicroscopy shows that 5-HT is localized over large dense granules in the cell bodies and processes of these interstitial cells. NOS-like immunoreactivity occurs in a nerve plexus composed of thick nerve bundles and nerve cells, and in a fine varicose nerve network that originates at least partly from intrapulmonary NOS-containing nerve cells. VIP-like immunoreactivity appears to be colocalized with NOS in the latter network. All NOS-positive nerve fibres in the lungs of Cynops pyrrhogaster and Ambystoma mexicanum stain for NADPHd. It is concluded that the pulmonary NEE cells observed in Cynops pyrrhogaster are similar to those described in other vertebrate species and that the 5-HT-IR interstitial cells resemble mast cells. In addition, nitric oxide is likely to be a bioactive substance involved in nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory neurotransmission in the pulmonary nervous system of urodeles, where it may be colocalized with VIP.
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PMID:Neuroepithelial endocrine and nervous system in the respiratory tract of Cynops pyrrhogaster with special reference to the distribution of nitric oxide synthase and serotonin. 752 73

The time of appearance, morphology, and topographic distribution of somatostatin, neurotensin, bombesin, gastrin/CCK and serotonin immunoreactive cells during embryonic development were studied in the duck gastrointestinal tract by immunohistochemical methods. Somatostatin immunoreactive cells first appeared in the duodenum of duck embryos at 9 days of incubation (d.i.). They progressively appeared in the other segments at 19 d.i., and at hatching they were present in all gastrointestinal segments except for the caecum. At hatching, the antrum was the richest region in somatostatin endocrine cells, and the gizzard the poorest. Neurotensin immunoreactive cells were detected at 21 d.i. in the proventriculus, antrum, duodenum, and rectum; at 23 d.i. they were present in all the other segments. Bombesin immunoreactive cells were observed in the proventriculus at 17 d.i., and in the gizzard and antrum at 23 d.i. No cells were detected in the intestinal segments. Gastrin/CCK immunoreactive cells first appeared at 17 d.i. in the antrum region; at 21 d.i. they appeared in the small intestine and around hatching they were found in the other intestinal segments except for the proventriculus and gizzard. Serotonin immunoreactive cells appeared at 21 d.i. in the proventriculus, duodenum, and jejunum-ileum. At 23 d.i., they were present in all other segments. Our results show that the time of appearance of immunoreactive cells may be related to the general development of the gut wall in the duck and may reflect cell differentiation in the mucosa.
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PMID:Ontogenesis of some endocrine cells in the duck gastrointestinal tract. 753 29

The aim of this study was to investigate the neurochemical coding of myenteric neurons in the guinea pig gastric corpus by using immunohistochemical methods. Antibodies and antisera against calbindin (CALB), calretinin (CALRET), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), beta-endorphin (ENK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), parvalbumin (PARV), serotonin (5-HT), somatostatin (SOM), substance P (SP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were used. Double- and triple-labeling studies revealed colocalization of certain transmitters and enabled the identification of distinct subpopulations of gastric enteric neurons. NPY/VIP/NOS/ENK were present in 28% of all neurons, whereas 11% had NPY/VIP/DBH/ChAT; NOS-only neurons made up 2% of the population. The combination SP/ChAT/ENK occurred in 21% of the population, whereas SP/ChAT/ENK/CALRET and SP/CHAT/SOM/ +/- CALRET was identified in 5% and 6% of all cells, respectively. 5-HT-containing neurons comprised 2% of all cells and could be further classified by the presence of additional antigens as 5-HT/SP/(ChAT) or 5-HT/VIP/(ChAT). Approximately 21% of all neurons contained only ChAT with no additional antigen present and are referred to as ChAT/-. Gastric myenteric ganglion cells were not immunoreactive for CALB, PARV, CGRP, or TH. The results of this study indicate that gastric myenteric neurons can be characterized on the basis of different chemical coding. Neurochemical coding of corpus myenteric neurons revealed some similarities and significant differences in comparison with other regions of the gut. These differences might reflect adaptation of enteric nerves according to regional specialization and the distinct functions of the proximal stomach as a gastric reservoir.
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PMID:Neurochemical coding of enteric neurons in the guinea pig stomach. 753 52

The viral transneuronal labeling method was used in combination with immunohistochemical procedures to identify CNS neuropeptide and monoamine neurons that innervate the sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) which project to the stellate ganglion--the principal source of the sympathetic supply to the heart. Transneuronal labeling was found at three CNS levels: spinal cord, brainstem, and hypothalamus. In the thoracic spinal cord, apart from the pseudorabies virus (PRV)-labeled stellate SPNs, PRV-labeled neurons were localized in laminae I/II, IV, V, VII, and X as well as in the lateral spinal nucleus and lateral funiculus. In the C1-C4 spinal segments, labeled neurons were found in the lateral funiculus as well as laminae V and VII of the spinal gray matter. PRV-labeled cells were identified in lamina V and the dorsolateral funiculus of the lumbar spinal cord. Three medullary areas were consistently labeled: rostral ventromedial medulla (RVMM), rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and caudal raphe nuclei. The greatest concentration of labeling was found in the RVMM. This projection arose from adrenergic, serotonergic (5-HT), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactive neurons. The RVLM projection originated mainly from C1 adrenergic neurons, some of which contained immunoreactive neuropeptide Y (NPY). C3 adrenergic-NPY neurons lying near the floor of the 4th ventricle were also labeled. Enkephalin-, somatostatin- and VIP-immunoreactive RVLM neurons also contributed to this projection. 5-HT neurons of the caudal raphe nuclei (raphe pallidus, raphe obscurus, and raphe magnus) were labeled; some of these contained substance P or TRH-immunoreactivity with an occasional neuron staining for all three putative neurotransmitters. In the pons, catecholamine neurons in the A5 cell group, subcoeruleus and Kolliker-Fuse nuclei were labeled. The midbrain contained relatively few infected cells, but some were present in the Edinger-Westphal and precommissural nuclei. Forebrain labeling was concentrated in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) with lesser amounts in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and the perifornical region. In the PVN, oxytocin-immunoreactive neurons accounted for the greatest chemically-defined projection while corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), vasopressin-, and angiotensin II-immunoreactive neurons provided successively lesser inputs. In the LHA, angiotensin II-immunoreactive neurons were labeled. In summary, this study provides the first detailed map of the chemically-coded CNS neurons involved in the control of the cardiosympathetic outflow.
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PMID:Transneuronal labeling of CNS neuropeptide and monoamine neurons after pseudorabies virus injections into the stellate ganglion. 755 33

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the superior salivatory nucleus (SSNNs) projecting to the pterygopalatine ganglion were labeled by retrograde transport of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) in the rat. Morphological interactions between SSNNs and afferent fibers immunoreactive (IR) for neuropeptide and amine were examined with light and electron microscopes by double-immunostaining techniques. SSNNs were found in the ipsilateral ventrolateral part of the rostral medulla oblongata. Around SSNNs, substance P-, enkephalin-, neuropeptide Y-and somatostatin-IR nerve fibers were very rich and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-, serotonin (5-HT)-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IR axons showed moderate density. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-containing axons were scarce in this region. The electron microscopic examinations revealed that CTB-IR structures directly received synaptic input from axon varicosities IR for TH, 5-HT and all neuropeptides except for CGRP. These findings suggest that catecholamine, 5-HT and the neuropeptides directly influence the activity of SSNNs and are concerned with the autonomic regulation of nasal and palatal mucosa, lacrimal glands and cerebral blood vessels of the rat.
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PMID:Synaptic contact of neuropeptide-and amine-containing axons on parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the superior salivatory nucleus of the rat. 758 52

Light- and electron-microscopic studies were used to investigate connections between specific subgroups of neurons in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine. Inputs to two classes of calretinin-immunoreactive (IR) nerve cells, longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons, were examined. Inputs from calbindin-IR primary sensory neurons and from three classes of descending interneurons were studied. Electron-microscopic analysis showed that calbindin-IR axons formed two types of inputs, synapses and close contacts, on calretinin-IR neurons. About 40% of inputs to the longitudinal muscle motor neurons and 70% to ascending interneurons were calbindin-IR. Approximately 50% of longitudinal muscle motor neurons were surrounded by bombesin-IR dense pericellular baskets and 40% by closely apposed varicosities. At the electron-microscope level, the bombesin-IR varicosities were found to form synapses and close contacts with the motor neurons. Dense pericellular baskets with bombesin-IR surrounded 36% of all ascending interneurons, and a further 17% had closely apposed varicosities. Somatostatin- and 5-HT-IR descending interneurons provided no dense pericellular baskets to calretinin-IR nerve cells. Thus, calretinin-IR, longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons receive direct synaptic inputs from intrinsic primary sensory neurons and from non-cholinergic, bombesin-IR, descending interneurons.
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PMID:Sources of inputs to longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons in the guinea-pig small intestine. 760 68

To date, it is unknown whether intrapancreatic serotonergic nerves can influence pancreatic somatostatin (SS) content and the SS receptor/effector system in the exocrine pancreas. In this study, the intrapancreatic serotonergic nerves were chemically ablated by injecting a specific serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), into the substance of the gland. Three days after the injection, the 5-HT-like immunoreactive levels in the pancreas were reduced by more than 85% whereas somatostatin-like immunoreactive levels had increased (86%). The number of SS receptors in the pancreatic acinar cell membranes of the 5,7-DHT-treated rats was also increased (72%). No significant differences were seen in basal or forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase (AC) enzyme activities in the control and the 5,7-DHT-treated groups. In spite of the increase in the number of SS receptors in the pancreatic acinar cell membranes of 5,7-DHT-treated rats, SS caused a significantly lower inhibition of AC activity in these membranes. This finding is related to the observed decrease of a 41 kD pertussis toxin-sensitive substrate, presumably the alpha i subunit of the guanine nucleotide inhibitory protein, in pancreatic acinar cell membranes 3 days after intrapancreatic 5,7-DHT administration when compared with the corresponding controls. The functions of pancreatic serotonergic nerves seem to be associated with enteropancreatic communication. These data together with the present results suggest that pancreatic SS content and the SS receptor/effector system in the exocrine pancreas may be regulated by enteropancreatic serotonergic nerve fibers and may participate in enteropancreatic reflexes.
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PMID:Pancreatic changes in somatostatin content and receptor/effector system after intrapancreatic injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. 761 56


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