Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of somatostatin on the release of serotonin (5-HT) from the superfused slices of rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus preloaded with [3H]5-HT was examined. Somatostatin (0.38--1.53 microM) was found to facilitate dose-dependently the electrically- or high K+-stimulated release of [3H]5-HT. The order of the stimulatory potency of somatostatin on the evoked release in the 3 areas of the brain was cortex, hippocampus greater than hypothalamus.
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PMID:Somatostatin facilitates the serotonin release from rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus slices. 611 Apr 67

The release of immunoreactive somatostatin (SRIF) from explants of rat medial basal hypothalamus, which were maintained in culture for 24 h, was quantitated by a sensitive RIA. Validity of the specific SRIF assay has been previously established by chromatographic criteria using gel and high pressure systems and by the demonstration of immunological parallelism. After 24 h of culture in medium containing heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, hypothalamic fragments were incubated in serum-free medium, and the release of immunoreactive SRIF was quantitated. Melatonin at concentrations of 10(--8) and 10(--7) M stimulated SRIF release, and no significant increases were observed at concentrations of 10(--9) M or less or at concentrations of 10(--6) M or greater. Serotonin oxalate at concentrations of 10(--8)--10(--5) M significantly inhibited SRIF release. The serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine at a concentration of 10(--5)M had no effect on basal SRIF release but abolished the inhibitory effect of 10(--7) M serotonin. Finally, when hypothalami were incubated with melatonin and serotonin, each at 10(--7) M, SRIF release was unchanged compared to control values. The results suggest that the brain indoleamines, melatonin and serotonin, may modulate GH secretion by effects on SRIF release at a hypothalamic level.
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PMID:Somatostatin release from rat hypothalamus in vitro: effects of melatonin and serotonin. 611 52

Regulation of somatostatin (SS) secretion was studied in an in vitro system using collagenase-dispersed cells from fetal rat hypothalamus maintained in long term monolayer culture. Cultured cells exhibit a measurable basal secretion of immunoactive SS (SSLI) which can be augmented by carbachol, acetylcholine, or oxotremorine. The EC50 for carbachol is about 1 microM. Atropine, but not hexamethonium, antagonizes the action of cholinergic agonists. Cobalt or tetrodotoxin pretreatment diminishes basal secretion and eliminates the response to carbachol. Serotonin, several serotonin agonists, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) suppress carbachol-induced secretion. The GABA blockers bicuculline or picrotoxinin reverse the effect of added GABA and by themselves also augment SSLI secretion. Picrotin is inactive. The direct response to either bicuiculline or picrotoxinin is prevented by cobalt or tetrodotoxin treatment. These observations are consistent with the presence of a muscarinic cholinergic receptor which acts by a mechanism depending on an action potential and calcium influx to enhance the release of SSLI from neurosecretory cells. The data also support the conclusion that GABAergic transmission occurs within the cultures to tonically inhibit SSLI secretion. GABAergic, cholinergic, and serotoninergic systems may thus interact at the level of the hypothalamus to modulate SS secretion in vivo and thereby influence anterior pituitary release of GH and TSH.
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PMID:Muscarinic cholinergic stimulation of somatostatin secretion from long term dispersed cell cultures of fetal rat hypothalamus: inhibition by gamma-aminobutyric acid and serotonin. 612 32

The antral and fundic regions of the stomachs from 24 human fetuses were examined by immunocytochemistry for the presence of three regulatory peptides (gastrin, somatostatin, and glucagon) and one amine (serotonin (5-HT)) in the epithelial endocrine cells. Gastrin- and somatostatin-containing cells were present at the earliest stage examined (8 weeks). Gastrin cells were restricted to the antrum, while somatostatin cells were found in both the antrum and the fundus. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected from 10 weeks and were confined to the fundus. Serotonin-containing cells were found in both the antrum and the fundus from 11 weeks. Changes in the number of immunoreactive gastrin and somatostatin cells during gestation were quantified. The increase in the number of cells/mm length of vertically sectioned mucosal epithelium best reflects the change in cell population. The peptides and amine studied were found to be contained in separate cell types. Electron microscopic examination of the peptide-containing cells showed that the fetal cells contain granules of similar morphology to their adult counterparts.
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PMID:The ontogeny of regulatory peptide-containing cells in the human fetal stomach: an immunocytochemical study. 613 42

Serotonin release from rabbit enterochromaffin cells located in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine was studied in vitro. Serotonin release from both the serosal and mucosal sides of the small intestine was measured. The addition of muscarinic but not nicotinic cholinergic agonists to the serosal medium resulted in a large but transient increase in serotonin release from the serosal but not the mucosal side of the intestine. Mucosal addition of these agents was ineffective. Serotonin release stimulated by the cholinergic agonist carbachol appeared to be dependent upon influx of extracellular Ca++ for the following reasons: 1) depletion of serosal Ca++ inhibited carbachol-stimulated release; 2) carbachol-stimulated serotonin release was blocked by the inorganic calcium channel blockers Co++, Ni++, Cd++, La and Gd; and 3) serosal serotonin release was increased by the Ca++ ionophore, ionomycin, and by Ba++. The addition of 8-bromoadenosine cyclic AMP or the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, to the serosal medium produced a sustained elevation of serosal serotonin release. 8-bromoadenosine-cyclic AMP-stimulated release was not blocked by depleting extracellular Ca++. Forskolin, a compound which stimulates adenylate cyclase, also stimulated serosal serotonin release. 8-bromoadenosine-cGMP had no effect on serotonin release. Somatostatin (10(-8)-10(-6) M) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of carbachol-stimulated serotonin release. Somatostatin (10(-6) M) only partially inhibited serotonin release stimulated by 8-bromoadenosine-cyclic AMP, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and forskolin and had no effect on release stimulated by Ba++. The results suggest potential roles for both calcium and cyclic nucleotides in the regulation of serotonin release.
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PMID:Regulation of serotonin release from rabbit intestinal enterochromaffin cells. 614 Mar 9

Anterior pituitary glands from broiler fowl were incubated alone or with hypothalamic tissue in medium containing either serotonin or serotoninergic drugs, acetylcholine or cholinergic drugs, and the release of prolactin (Prl) and growth hormone (GH) measured by homologous radioimmunoassays. The neurotransmitters and drugs affected the release of hormones from the pituitary gland only when hypothalamic tissue was also present. Serotonin and its agonist quipazine stimulated the release of Prl and inhibited release of GH in a concentration-related manner. The antagonist methysergide blocked the effects of serotonin and quipazine on Prl. Acetylcholine and its agonist pilocarpine also stimulated release of Prl and inhibited release of GH in a concentration-related manner. Atropine blocked these responses. The results show that serotonin and acetylcholine affect pituitary hormone secretion by acting on the hypothalamus. They may stimulate the secretion of a Prl releasing hormone and somatostatin.
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PMID:Serotonin and acetylcholine affect the release of prolactin and growth hormone from pituitary glands of domestic fowl in vitro in the presence of hypothalamic tissue. 614 26

The influence of exogenous serotonin on the secretion of gastric somatostatin and gastrin was investigated under in vitro conditions using an isolated, vascularly perfused rat stomach preparation. Serotonin stimulated gastrin release, maximal effects were observed at 10(-6) M which increased gastrin levels by 78%; on the contrary, somatostatin secretion was inhibited (maximal inhibition of 56% at 10(-6) M). Changes in hormone secretion in response to serotonin were reversed by combined blockade of 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors by methysergide and blockade of 5-HT2 receptors by ketanserin (10(-5) and 10(-6) M, respectively), and of cholinoreceptors by atropine (10(-5) M). It is concluded that in rats in vitro serotonin inhibits release of gastric somatostatin and stimulates gastrin secretion via specific serotonin receptors but muscarinic cholinergic receptors are also involved.
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PMID:Serotoninergic control of somatostatin and gastrin release from the isolated rat stomach. 615 May 15

Consistent in vitro behavioral patterns were found in the scolex and strobila of adult Hymenolepis diminuta. These patterns were measured with a force transducer and the behavior analyzed with a slow motion closed circuit T.V. Varying concentrations of serotonin (5-HT), acetylcholine (Ach), histamine and somatostatin, in the range of 10(-3) to 10(-9) M, were tested for their influence on the rhythmic patterns of behavior. High concentrations of 5-HT and of Ach decreased scolex motility. While 5-HT significantly increased motility in the anterior-, mid- and posterior regions of the strobila at 10(-3) M, Ach inhibited motility in all 3 regions of the strobila at the same concentrations. At high concentrations, somatostatin had a smaller stimulatory effect on worm motility in the anterior and mid-regions; histamine only significantly affected worm motility in the posterior region of the strobila. Depending on concentration, the action of 5-HT, Ach and histamine can be reversed, particularly in the anterior and posterior regions of the strobila. The in vivo assay for worm migrational responses suggests that the action of the neuromuscular stimulators and inhibitors on worm migration is indirect.
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PMID:Hymenolepis diminuta: behavioral effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, histamine and somatostatin. 615 Sep 70

The distribution of vasopressin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, somatostatin-, avian pancreatic polypeptide-, 5-hydroxytryptamine- and glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity was analyzed in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of male and female golden hamsters. Vasopressin. Vasopressin-like immunoreactivity is localized within neurons, dendrites and axons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Immunoreactive perikarya are restricted to the dorsomedial aspect of each nucleus and occur in highest numbers within the intermediate two-thirds of the rostrocaudal axis. Axons containing vasopressin-like immunoreactivity form a dense plexus in the dorsomedial suprachiasmatic nuclei and in a vertical column at the lateral aspect of each nucleus. Somatostatin. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity is also contained in neurons in the dorsomedial aspect of the suprachiasmatic nuclei and in thin varicose axons distributed throughout the suprachiasmatic nuclei in a pattern similar to that of vasopressin-immunoreactive axons. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons are concentrated in the ventrolateral portion of each nucleus and occur almost exclusively within the intermediate two-thirds of the rostrocaudal axis. An extremely dense plexus of varicose axons exhibiting vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity extends throughout the suprachiasmatic nuclei and passes out of the dorsal aspect of each nucleus into the periventricular and anterior hypothalamic areas. Avian pancreatic polypeptide. Avian pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity is restricted to axons which arborize within the ventrolateral aspect of each nucleus. These fibers extend throughout the rostrocaudal extent of each nucleus and partially overlap the terminal field of retinal afferents. Glutamic acid decarboxylase. A very dense plexus of axonal varicosities exhibiting glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity fills both the dorsomedial and ventrolateral portions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei throughout the rostrocaudal extent of each nucleus. Lightly stained immunoreactive perikarya also occur throughout the suprachiasmatic nuclei. 5-Hydroxytryptamine. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity is restricted to axons which form a plexus in the ventromedial portion of each nucleus that is most dense in the intermediate two-thirds of the rostrocaudal axis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the golden hamster: immunohistochemical analysis of cell and fiber distribution. 615 Nov 47

The preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord which innervate the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons, were identified by the method of retrograde axonal transport of the fluorescent dyes Fast Blue and True Blue. In rats, Fast Blue or True Blue was injected into the medulla of the left adrenal gland. After a survival period of 5 days, the animals were perfusion fixed, the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord sectioned and processed for the immunofluorescent localization of met-enkephalin, neurophysin, oxytocin, serotonin, somatostatin and substance P immunoreactivity. Neuronal perikarya which were retrogradedly-labeled with Fast Blue or True Blue were observed in the intermediolateral cell column from the T1 to the L2 spinal cord segments. The distribution of the sympathoadrenal neurons was determined by counting the number of retrogradedly-labeled neurons per spinal cord segment. In the five animals used for quantifying the sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons, the majority (72.3%) of the retrogradely-labeled neurons counted per spinal cord were located within the T7-T12 segments. The T9 segment contained the largest average number (20.1%) of retrogradely-labeled cells in a single segment. Met-enkephalin, serotonin and substance P immunoreactive fibers were prominent in the intermediolateral cell column, whereas oxytocin, neurophysin and somatostatin immunoreactive fibers were sparse. The met-enkephalin, serotonin and substance P fibers were seen surrounding both unlabeled and retrogradely-labeled neurons; somatostatin fibers appeared to preferentially contact retrogradely-labeled neurons; whereas, the neurophysin and oxytocin fibers were not found in proximity to retrogradely-labeled neurons. Met-enkephalin, neurophysin, oxytocin, somatostatin and substance P immunoreactivity were depleted in the intermediolateral cell column below the level of a spinal cord transection. Serotonin immunoreactivity was depleted in the intermediolateral cell column below the level of the transection for five to six segments, but sparse networks of immunoreactive fibers were observed in both the intermediolateral cell column and the ventral horn in more caudal segments. Met-enkephalin, serotonin, somatostatin and substance P immunoreactivity were decreased in both the contralateral and ipsilateral intermediolateral cell column below the level of a spinal cord hemisection, suggesting that both crossed and uncrossed descending pathways exist. Neurophysin and oxytocin immunoreactivity were depleted below the level of the hemisection in the ipsilateral intermediolateral cell column without noticeable decrease in the level of immunoreactivity in the contralateral intermediolateral cell column, suggesting that a decussation does not occur at the level of the spinal cord, but may exist above the level of the hemisection...
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PMID:The differential distribution and relationship of serotoninergic and peptidergic fibers to sympathoadrenal neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of the rat: a combined retrograde axonal transport and immunofluorescence study. 618 Mar 52


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