Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Primary cultures of mouse embryonic neuronal or glial cells from the cerebral cortex, striatum, and mesencephalon were used to identify and determine the cellular localization of somatostatin receptors coupled to an adenylate cyclase. Somatostatin inhibited basal adenylate cyclase activity on neuronal but not on glial crude membranes in the three structures examined. The somatostatin-inhibitory effect on neuronal crude membranes was still observed in the presence of (-)-isoproterenol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine, DA), or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) used at a concentration (10(-5) M) inducing maximal adenylate cyclase activation. In addition, in most cases biogenic amines modified the pattern of the somatostatin-inhibitory effect, triggering either an increase in the peptide apparent affinity for its receptors or an increase in the maximal reduction of adenylate cyclase activity or both. However, 5-HT did not modify the somatostatin-inhibitory response on striatal and cortical neuronal crude membranes. The changes in somatostatin-inhibitory responses were interpreted as a colocalization of the amine and the peptide receptors on subtypes of neuronal cell populations. Finally, somatostatin was shown to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity following its activation by (-)-isoproterenol on glial crude membranes of the striatum and the mesencephalon but not on those of the cerebral cortex.
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PMID:Modulation by monoamines of somatostatin-sensitive adenylate cyclase on neuronal and glial cells from the mouse brain in primary cultures. 285 57

Five antisera against insulin (Ins), glucagon (Glu), somatostatin (SRIF), met-enkephalin (met-enk), and serotonin (5-HT) were used for immunofluorescence detection of endocrine cells in pancreas and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) at three stages of development (leptocephalic larva, glass-eel, and adult eel). Comparable distribution of endocrine cells was observed for adults and glass-eels. In their pancreatic islets, positive immunoreactions were obtained only for Ins, SRIF, and Glu; this later was also present in the pancreatic ducts. 5-HT cells were present throughout the GIT. SRIF cells were situated mostly in the stomach and less in the intestine. Met-enk cells were abundant in the pyloric cecum, but less frequent in the intestinal mucosa. Glu cells were present only in the intestine. No insulin-immunoreactive cells could be detected in the GIT. The pancreatic islets of leptocephalic larvae exhibited a strong reaction for SRIF, a weak reaction for Glu, and none at all for Ins, met-Enk, or 5-HT. The GIT of these larvae contained numerous met-enk cells, mainly in the foregut. In the fore- and midgut, cells exhibited a weak fluorescence after treatment with Glu antiserum. No positive immunoreactive cells were observed with 5-HT, SRIF, or Ins antisera.
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PMID:Detection of endocrine cells by immunofluorescence method in the gastroenteropancreatic system of the adult eel, glass-eel, and leptocephalic larva (Anguilla anguilla L.). 286 Nov 42

Gut endocrine cells in a total of 18 gastric adenocarcinomas in inbred Wistar rats induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and gastrin or serotonin, were examined histologically, ultrastructurally, and immunohistochemically for gastrin, somatostatin, calcitonin, glicentin, and serotonin. A large number of argyrophil cells were observed in 17 tumors (94.4%) and 14 tumors (77.8%) had argentaffin cells. Immunohistochemically, C-terminal fragment of gastrin (G17) immunoreactivity was observed in 15 (82.2%) out of the 18 tumors, but 3 G17-positive tumors had no G 34 immunoreactive cells in rats treated with MNNG plus gastrin. Serotonin immunoreactivity was detected in 14 tumors (77.8%). Somatostatin immunoreactivity was detected in 7 of the 11 tumors (63.6%) in rats treated with MNNG plus gastrin whereas no tumor in rats treated with MNNG plus serotonin had somatostatin, the difference of the incidence being significant (P less than 0.05). One endocrine cell carcinoma which consisted mainly of serotonin-producing cells was observed in a rat treated with MNNG plus serotonin. Calcitonin and glicentin immunoreactivity was not demonstrated in any tumors. Ultrastructurally, three types of endocrine granule were found in the tumor cells. These data suggest that hormonal environment in stomach carcinogenesis may influence the expression of endocrine cells within the tumors.
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PMID:Gut endocrine cells in rat stomach carcinoma induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. 287 Oct 28

The localization of peptide hormones and serotonin in ovarian mucinous and endometrioid tumors with argyrophil cells was examined by immunohistochemistry. All of the 15 mucinous tumors had argyrophil cells which resemble the enterochromaffin cells seen in the gastrointestinal tract, and peptide hormones such as gastrin and somatostatin were found in 3 of 5 benign, in 3 of 5 borderline, and in all of 5 malignant tumors. Serotonin was found in 4 benign, 3 borderline and 2 malignant tumors. Of 19 endometrioid adenocarcinomas, type I argyrophil cells which resemble enterochromaffin cells were found in 4 tumors, type II argyrophil cells which contain argyrophil granules mainly in the apical portion or throughout the whole cytoplasm were found in 14, and mixed type cells were found in one. Somatostatin-positive cells were found only in type I cells of a tumor with mixed type argyrophil cells. Serotonin-positive cells were found in 3 tumors containing type I cells. The results obtained were discussed in the comparison with those of cervical and endometrial adenocarcinomas of the uterus. In conclusion, the present study suggests that type I or similar argyrophil cells in ovarian tumors may have endocrine activity.
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PMID:[Immunohistological demonstration of peptide hormones and serotonin in ovarian mucinous and endometrioid tumors with argyrophil cells]. 287 Nov 19

Noradrenaline (NA) and somatostatin (SOM) stimulate intestinal water and ion absorption and are found in mucosal nerve fibres and nerve terminals in submucous ganglia of the guinea-pig small intestine. As the main projection of submucous neurons is to the mucosa, NA and SOM might alter mucosal transport either by a direct effect on the epithelium or indirectly, by affecting submucous neurons. In this study these two possible sites of action of NA and SOM have been investigated in mucosa-submucosa preparations of guinea-pig ileum. In addition, the actions of NA and SOM on the secretory responses caused by stimulation of different populations of submucous neurons have been studied. The stimulants of secretion used were a nicotinic agonist, 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP, 10(-5) M), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 10(-7) M) and electrical field stimulation (EFS), which activate cholinergic, noncholinergic and mixed populations of submucous secretomotor neurons, respectively. Segments of intestine were dissected free of external muscle and myenteric plexus and mounted in Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (Isc) was measured as an indication of net active ion transport across the tissue. NA (greater than or equal to 10(-8) M) and SOM (greater than 10(-10) M) each caused a decrease in Isc, indicating a net increase in ion absorption. The NA response was abolished and the magnitude of the SOM response was reduced to 20% by tetrodotoxin (10(-7) M). DMPP, 5-HT and EFS each stimulated nerves that increased Isc and each of these responses was significantly diminished by NA and SOM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of noradrenaline and somatostatin on basal and stimulated mucosal ion transport in the guinea-pig small intestine. 287 1

Multiple neurotransmitter systems are affected in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT). Among them, acetylcholine has been most studied. It is now well accepted that the activity of the enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is much decreased in various brain regions including the frontal and temporal cortices, hippocampus and nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbm) in SDAT. Cortical M2-muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors are also decreased but only in a certain proportion (30-40%) of SDAT patients. For other systems, it appears that cortical serotonin (5-HT)-type 2 receptor binding sites are decreased in SDAT. This diminution in 5-HT2 receptors correlates well with the decreased levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactive materials found in the cortex of SDAT patients. Cortical somatostatin receptor binding sites are decreased in about one third of SDAT patients. Finally, neuropeptide Y and neuropeptide Y receptor binding sites are distributed in areas enriched in cholinergic cell bodies and nerve fiber terminals and it would be of interest to determine possible involvement of this peptide in SDAT. Thus, it appears that multi-drug clinical trials should be considered for the treatment of SDAT.
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PMID:Neurotransmitter and receptor deficits in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. 287 14

The anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPv), which lies in the periventricular zone of the preoptic region, is critical for normal phasic gonadotropin secretion since lesions of this nucleus abolish the progesterone-induced surge of luteinizing hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary, block ovulation, and induce persistent vaginal estrus in female rats. However, very little is known about the neurotransmitter-specific pathways associated with this nucleus. In the present study we evaluated the distribution of biochemically specific cells and fibers within the AVPv and adjacent regions by using an indirect immunohistochemical method with antisera to serotonin (5-HT), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin-8 (CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), luteotropin-releasing hormone (LRH), somatostatin (SS), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), oxytocin (OXY), vasopressin (VAS), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH1-24), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Our findings indicate that both cells and fibers containing these putative neurotransmitters are differentially distributed in and around the AVPv in accordance with the cytoarchitectonic organization of this part of the preoptic region. The AVPv itself appears to receive strong inputs from SP-, VAS-, CCK-, and SS-containing pathways, whereas the highest densities of L-ENK-, NT-, 5-HT-, NPY-, and DBH-immunoreactive fibers were found in the cell-sparse zone just lateral to the AVPv. The suprachiasmatic preoptic nucleus (PSCh), a small group of cells located ventral to the AVPv just dorsal to the optic chiasm, contained high densities of alpha-MSH- and ACTH-immunoreactive fibers, as well as substantial numbers of fibers containing catecholamines or NPY. In contrast, a dense plexus of VAS-stained fibers was distributed fairly evenly throughout the AVPv and PSCh. Numerous L-ENK-immunoreactive cell bodies, and moderate numbers of CCK-, NT-, and CRF-stained cell bodies were found in the AVPv. The PSCh contained many TH-stained cells (presumably dopaminergic), in addition to a moderate number of CCK-containing cell bodies, while a high density of NT- and CRF-stained cells were found in the cell-sparse zone lateral to the AVPv, in addition to several CCK-, SP-, VIP-, and TH-containing cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The distribution of neurotransmitter-specific cells and fibers in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus: implications for the control of gonadotropin secretion in the rat. 288 Jun 34

The chicken retina has been used to examine the toxicity of a highly reactive chemical analog of choline, ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion (ECMA). Following a single intravitreal injection, retinas were analyzed biochemically for CAT and AChE activities, and GABA, glycine, and dopamine levels. Retinas were also examined using histofluorescence for dopamine histochemistry, for AChE, and immunohistochemistry with antibodies to CAT, tyrosine hydroxylase, GABA, 5-HT, Leu-enkephalin, and somatostatin. A dose of 50 nmol ECMA caused a prolonged 70% depletion of CAT activity and a 40% depletion of AChE activity. The other biochemical parameters were unchanged. This result corresponds to the morphological finding that 2 populations of cholinergic cells were destroyed and that the AChE activity associated with their terminal arbors was lost. A third population of cholinergic cells, located towards the middle of the inner nuclear layer, was resistant to the toxic effects of ECMA. The other cell types, except for somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and photoreceptors, which showed transient effects, were unaffected. ECMA therefore appears to be a highly specific toxin for cholinergic cells in the retina.
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PMID:The toxic effects of ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion on cholinergic cells in the chicken retina. 288 Sep 36

The present investigation examined the distributions of immunoreactive neurotensin (NT), cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK), substance P (SP), methionine enkephalin (ENK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SS), rat neurophysin II (RNP II), vasopressin (VP), oxytocin (OXY), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and serotonin in the parabrachial nuclear complex (PB) of the rat. All of these substances were localized to the PB and they appeared to be chemoarchitecturally organized within the complex. The lateral subdivision (PBL) was organized medial-lateral and ventral-dorsal. Specifically NT, CCK, and SP immunoreactive fibers were found to be the most dense in the ventral aspect of the PBL. The distribution of NT-containing fibers was similar to the pattern of CCK-containing fibers and these were localized primarily to the central zone of the PBL. Immunoreactive SP fibers and cells were found in the external and internal zones ventrally and surrounding the dorsal and dorsolateral nuclei in the PBL. Somatostatin, ENK and VIP were found to be the most dense in the dorsal PBL. Serotonin- and TH-containing cells and fibers were found in both the PBL and PBM. These results, coupled with the observations of neuronal connections of the PB and the known functions of this region, underscore the potential involvement for these neuropeptides and monoamines in limbic-brainstem mechanisms of autonomic control.
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PMID:Neuropeptide and monoamine components of the parabrachial pontine complex. 288 46

Bovine pancreatic endocrine cells were investigated by light microscopic immunohistochemistry. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells as well as insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatin-, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP)-immunoreactive cells were detected in the pancreatic islets. Generally, insulin-immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the islet and the others took peripheral location. Since the distribution and shape of serotonin-immunoreactive cells were very similar to glucagon- and BPP-immunoreactive cells, serial sections were restained by using the elution method. All glucagon- and BPP-immunoreactive cells also showed serotonin immunoreactivity but glucagon and BPP immunoreactivities were never observed to be colocalized in the same cell. A small number of serotonin-immunoreactive cells were observed that showed serotonin immunoreactivity only.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study on the endocrine pancreas of cattle with special reference to coexistence of serotonin and glucagon or bovine pancreatic polypeptide. 328 30


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