Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The times of origin of neurons immunoreactive for somatostatin (SRIF), cholecystokinin (CCK), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were determined using a combined immunohistochemical-autoradiographic technique. 3H-thymidine (3H-dT) was injected into pregnant rats on gestational day 13 (G13), G15, G17, G19, or G21. Animals were killed on postnatal day 30, that is, after the completion of neuronal migration. Sections of the brain including posterior cingulate cortex (area 29), visual cortex (area 17), and somatosensory cortex (area 3) were processed serially for peptide immunoreactivity and autoradiographically for labeling with 3H-dT. SRIF- and CCK-immunoreactive neurons were cogenerated and comigrated according to an inside-to-outside sequence. Accordingly, neurons in layer VI were born on G13, neurons in intermediate layers were born on G15-G17, and neurons in layer II/III were born on G19-G21. In contrast, VIP-positive neurons did not follow such a sequence. Neurons in all layers of cortex were generated at relatively constant rates between G13 and G21. VIP-immunoreactive neurons were the only known subpopulation of neurons that did not migrate into cortex by an inside-to-outside sequence. Thus, the migration of local circuit neurons to cingulate cortex follows patterns that are similar to those discerned in more differentiated cortical areas.
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PMID:Migration of peptide-immunoreactive local circuit neurons to rat cingulate cortex. 136 6

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and somatostatin secretion can be influenced by sensory stimulation and if so, whether such effects are mediated via the vagal nerves. Male rats anaesthetized with chloral hydrate were exposed to three different stimuli, i.e. to low frequency (2 Hz) electrical stimulation of muscles via needles (electro-acupuncture), to thermal stimulation at 40 degrees C or to vibration at 100 Hz. The two former stimuli activate mainly small and medium sized myelinated fibres from muscles and skin respectively, whereas vibration activates large myelinated fibres from skin, subcutaneous tissue and muscles. Experiments were also performed on animals that were vagotomized or exposed to prior treatment with atropine (0.5 mg kg-1). Blood was collected at various time intervals and plasma levels of gastrin, CCK and somatostatin were measured with radioimmunoassay (RIA). All three stimuli, i.e. electro-acupuncture, vibration and thermal stimulation caused significant elevations of gastrin (103 +/- 11-151 +/- 16 pM, 105 +/- 8-140 +/- 12 pM and 105 +/- 14-162 +/- 4 pM) and cholecystokinin (9 +/- 0.8-15 +/- 2.8 pM, 8 +/- 0.5-10 +/- 1.5 pM and 8.0 +/- 0.5-10.5 +/- 1.5). Somatostatin was raised in response to electro-acupuncture (10 +/- 1-14 +/- 3 pM). Vagotomy and atropinization abolished the release of gastrin and CCK in response to all three stimuli. CCK levels were significantly reduced following electro-acupuncture in atropinized rats. In conclusion, gastrin and cholecystokinin release is stimulated by activation of sensory afferent, originating in skin, subcutaneous tissue as well as in muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Vagally mediated release of gastrin and cholecystokinin following sensory stimulation. 136 18

The central amygdaloid nucleus (ACe) is part of the amygdaloid body, and it has been shown to participate in several stress related reactions. The ACe is densely innervated by tyrosine hydroxylase- (TH), corticotropin releasing factor- (CRF), calcitonin gene-related peptide- (CGRP), neurotensin- (NT), somatostatin- (SOM), enkephalin- (ENK), substance P- (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- (VIP) and cholecystokinin- (CCK) immunoreactive (IR) nerve terminals. In addition, the ACe contains numerous CRF-, NT-, SOM-, ENK- and SP-IR perikarya. In previous studies it has been shown that stress stimulates the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in the ACe. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the colocalization of the Fos-IR neurons with the peptide- and TH-IR structures using an immunocytochemical double staining technique. In intact animals the ACe contained only a few Fos-IR neurons. After immobilization stress about 100 Fos-IR neurons were seen per section. They were mainly located in the area, which was enriched by peptide- and TH-IR nerve terminals. The close contacts observed between the Fos-IR neurons and the peptide- and TH-IR nerve endings suggest that the Fos-IR neurons were innervated by these nerve terminals. Furthermore, several NT-, ENK-, SOM- and CRF-IR neurons were observed and the vast majority of these cells exhibited Fos-like immunoreactivity. These results suggest that stress enhances the synaptic activity of the ACe, which stimulates the expression of c-fos. Subsequently, Fos may regulate the expression of the NT, ENK, SOM and CRF genes and thus affect the peptidergic efferents from the ACe.
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PMID:Colocalization of peptide- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivities with Fos-immunoreactive neurons in rat central amygdaloid nucleus after immobilization stress. 136 16

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulated cyclic AMP production in rat peritoneal macrophages. The stimulatory effect of VIP was dependent on time, temperature and cell concentration, and was potentiated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). At 15 degrees C, the response occurred in the 0.1-1000 nM range of VIP concentrations. Half maximal stimulation of cellular cyclic AMP (ED50) was obtained at 1.2 +/- 0.5 nM VIP, and maximal stimulation (about 3-fold basal level) was obtained between 100-1000 nM. The cyclic AMP system of rat peritoneal macrophages showed a high specificity for VIP. The order of potency observed in inducing cyclic AMP production was VIP greater than rGRF greater than hGRF greater than PHI greater than secretin. Glucagon, insulin, pancreastatin and octapeptide of cholecystokinin did not modify cyclic AMP levels at concentrations as high as 1 microM. The beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol increased the cyclic AMP production and show additive effect with VIP. Somatostatin inhibits the accumulation of cyclic AMP in the presence of both vasoactive intestinal peptide and isoproterenol. The finding of a VIP-stimulated cyclic AMP system in rat peritoneal macrophages, together with the previous characterization of high-affinity receptors for VIP in the same cell preparation, strongly suggest that VIP may be involved in the regulation of macrophage function.
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PMID:Stimulatory effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on cyclic AMP production in rat peritoneal macrophages. 137 99

The central amygdaloid nucleus (ACe) is part of the amygdaloid complex that participates in adrenocorticotrophin secretion, stress-related reactions and behavioral functions. The ACe contains numerous glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-immunoreactive (IR) neurons, and in addition it has been shown to contain several neuropeptide-IR somata and nerve terminals. In order to study the relationship between the GR- and neuropeptide-IR structures we mapped the distribution of GR-like immunoreactivity (LI) in amygdaloid complex and colocalized the neuropeptide- and GR-LIs in the ACe. In the amygdaloid complex the central, medial and cortical nuclei contained a high number of GR-IR neurons, whereas a moderate number of GR-IR neurons were observed in the basolateral and basomedial nuclei. Only a few GR-IR neurons were seen in the lateral nucleus. In the ACe, the majority of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)-, met-enkephalin (met-ENK)-, neurotensin (NT)- and somatostatin (SOM)-IR neurons contained also GR-IR. About half of the substance P (SP)-IR neurons were seen to contain GR-IR, whereas only some of the few vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and cholecystokinin-IR neurons showed GR-LI. Nerve terminals containing calcitonin gene-related peptide and the above mentioned peptides were seen in close contact with the GR-IR neurons. These results suggest that the glucocorticoids may modulate directly the neurotransmitter synthesis of the CRF-, met-ENK, NT-, SOM- and SP-IR cells in the ACe.
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PMID:Colocalization of peptide and glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivities in rat central amygdaloid nucleus. 137 77

In vitro effect of somatostatin analog, SMS 201-995 (SMS), on pancreatic exocrine secretion was investigated using isolated rat pancreatic acini. SMS had no effect on basal, cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8)- or secretin-stimulated amylase release. SMS inhibited pancreatic amylase release in response to simultaneous stimulation with secretin and CCK-8 in a dose-dependent manner. Significant inhibition was observed with 10 nM SMS and maximal inhibition with 0.1-1 microM SMS. Amylase release in response to the combination of 100 pM CCK-8, 1 nM secretin and 0.1-1 microM SMS was similar to that to 100 pM CCK-8 alone. Secretin significantly increased acinar cell cAMP content. SMS partially inhibited an increase in cAMP content induced by secretin. The present study has demonstrated, therefore, that SMS directly inhibits the potentiating effect of secretin on exocrine secretion in part by inhibiting an increase in secretin-induced cAMP accumulation in rat pancreatic acinar cells.
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PMID:[Inhibitory effect of somatostatin analog, SMS 201-995, on exocrine secretion from isolated rat pancreatic acini]. 138 Jan

This study was undertaken to clarify the role of endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) in induction of pancreatic growth stimulated by a high protein diet. Rats with i.v. jugular cannulae in place and kept in Bollman cages were adapted to 5% casein diet for 9 days and switched to 70% casein for 2 days. MK-329, a CCK receptor antagonist, and SMS 201-995, a somatostatin agonist, were continuously infused at 0.5 mg/kg/h and 5 micrograms/kg/h, respectively, starting at the onset of feeding 70% casein. The 5 and 70% casein control groups were infused with saline. Feeding 70% casein significantly stimulated pancreatic hyperplasia and tissue hypertrophy. MK-329 and SMS 201-995 totally prevented 70% casein-induced increases in pancreatic weight and total RNA and DNA contents. The results indicate that endogenous CCK is the major factor responsible for pancreatic growth induced by a high protein diet.
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PMID:Endogenous cholecystokinin, the major factor responsible for dietary protein-induced pancreatic growth. 138 Oct 95

Glutaminase has been considered to be a synthesizing enzyme of transmitter glutamate in pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex. In the present study, an attempt was made to examine with a double immunofluorescence method whether or not nonpyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex are immunoreactive for glutaminase. Glutaminase was stained with mouse anti-glutaminase IgM and FITC-labeled anti-[mouse IgM] antibody. In the same section, parvalbumin (PA), calbindin (CB), choline acetyltransferase (CAT), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin (SS), or neuropeptide Y (NPY) was visualized as a marker for nonpyramidal neurons with an antibody to each substance, biotinylated secondary antibody and Texas Red-labeled avidin. Virtually no glutaminase immunoreactivity was seen in PA-, CB-, CAT-, VIP-, CRF-, CCK-, SS-, or NPY-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya in the neocortex and mesocortex (cingulate and retrosplenial cortices), although it was detected in a few PA-, CB-, VIP-, CCK-, SS-, or NPY-immunoreactive nonpyramidal neurons in the piriform, entorhinal, and hippocampal cortices. PA- and CB-positive neurons have been reported to constitute the major population of GABAergic neurons in the cerebral cortex. Thus, the present results, together with the previous reports, suggest that most GABAergic, cholinergic and peptidergic nonpyramidal neurons in the neo- and mesocortex do not contain glutaminase.
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PMID:Paucity of glutaminase-immunoreactive nonpyramidal neurons in the rat cerebral cortex. 138 31

The hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract is known to contain the classical neurohypophyseal hormones vasopressin and oxytocin. Additionally, dynorphin, methionine- and leucine-enkephalin, cholecystokinin (CCK), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and galanin are co-stored with vasopressin and/or oxytocin. Recent immunohistochemical studies have revealed the existence of a low to moderate number of substance P-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve fibers within the rat neurohypophysis. VIP-, substance P- and NPY-immunoreactive fibers were distributed throughout the organ, whereas somatostatin-immunoreactive fibers were present in the proximal part of the organ. The positive nerve endings were either large in size resembling classical nerve terminals related to perivascular spaces, or smaller similar to peptidergic fibers as described in the CNS. These results indicate that these neuropeptides may be either co-stored with the classical neurohypophyseal hormones or contained in another system of afferents to the organ. The probably distinct functional roles of these neuropeptides in the physiology of the neurohypophysis are discussed.
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PMID:Non-vasopressinergic, non-oxytocinergic neuropeptides in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract: experimental immunohistochemical studies. 138 83

The present work was undertaken to determine by immunocytochemical methods which of the putative enteric neurotransmitters are contained in axons supplying the guinea-pig taenia coli and what proportion of axons is accounted for by the presence of these substances. Numerous fibres displayed immunoreactivity for dynorphin (DYN), enkephalin (ENK), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), but, in contrast to other gut regions, fibres showing immunoreactivity for gastrin-releasing peptide, galanin and neuropeptide Y were rare in the taenia. Fibres reactive for calbindin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and somatostatin were also rare. Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity (TH-LI) was present in numerous fibres that disappeared after extrinsic denervation, a procedure that did not detectably affect any of the other major groups of fibres. Simultaneous staining of extrinsically denervated preparations revealed that SP-LI and VIP-LI were located in separate fibres, and ultrastructural studies showed these to be 58% and 33% of intrinsic fibres supplying the muscle. Immunoreactivity for the general marker, neuron-specific enolase, was located in 95-98% of axons. ENK-LI and DYN-LI were in the same axons, and similar proportions of the fibres with either SP-LI or VIP-LI, about 85%, contained immunoreactivity for ENK and DYN. All VIP-LI fibres, but no SP-LI fibres, were reactive for NOS. The results imply that the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum is innervated by two major groups of enteric neurons: (i) excitatory neurons that contain ACh, SP, other tachykinins, and, in most cases, DYN-LI and ENK-LI; and (ii) inhibitory neurons that contain NOS-LI, VIP-LI, in most cases, the two opioids and, quite probably, ATP as a transmitter. GABA-LI is contained in a smaller population of intrinsic axons. Even though the taenia represents one of the simplest tissues for examining transmission from enteric neurons to intestinal muscle, it shares some of the complexity of other regions, in that four major axon types supply the muscle and both the enteric excitatory and enteric inhibitory neurons contain multiple transmitters.
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PMID:Light- and electron-microscopic immunochemical analysis of nerve fibre types innervating the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum. 138 81


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