Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have reported that microinjection of angiotensin II (ANG II) into the nucleus tractus solitarius of urethan-anesthetized normotensive rats produces an increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) over the dose range 50-500 pmol. The effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) is now reported. Over the range 100-500 pmol SHR exhibit increases in MAP and heart rate greater than Wistar-Kyoto or Sprague-Dawley rats. SHR did not exhibit exaggerated responses to intravenous phenylephrine, suggesting a central site of increased responsiveness to ANG II. We also found depressor effects in Sprague-Dawley at lower doses (0.1 and 1 pmol). The decreases in MAP were extremely variable and not dose related. A selected dose of additional neuropeptides identified in the NTS was tested. Somatostatin, bradykinin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (0.5 nmol) were without cardiovascular effects. Oxytocin and vasopressin, however, produced significant increases in MAP. Substance P produced a very small but significant increase in heart rate and MAP. Interaction between the vasopressin and ANG II pressor effects was studied, and each proved to be independent.
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PMID:Neuropeptide action in nucleus tractus solitarius: angiotensin specificity and hypertensive rats. 293 Oct 31

The immune system and the neuroendocrine system affect each other via molecules and receptors shared by both systems. Neuroendocrine hormones may act either positively or negatively in regulating the activities of a key cell of the immune system, the macrophage. For example, adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), somatostatin, and substance P are all capable of increasing the cytotoxicity of macrophages against tumor cells. However, ACTH and somatostatin, but not substance P, can also block the tumoricidal activity of macrophages induced by recombinant gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), a non-neuroendocrine immunomodulating hormone. In contrast, substance P increased tumoricidal activity, both independent of IFN-gamma and in addition to IFN-gamma. Neurotensin, alpha-endorphin, beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin, vasopressin, and substance K did not affect tumoricidal function, either alone or in combination with IFN-gamma. Substance P, but not the other neuropeptides, increased substantially the proportion of macrophages able to secrete superoxide ions, suggesting a possible influence on macrophage capacity to deal with microbial infection. Such positive and negative modulation of macrophage effector functions could contribute to the influence of cognitive stimuli in infection and neoplasia.
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PMID:Neuropeptides modulating macrophage function. 303 73

Macrophages play a key role in the initiation and execution of immunoinflammatory responses. Evidence is reviewed which indicates that neuropeptides are capable of up- or down-regulating their state of activation. Substance P, neurokinin A, neurotensin, bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide, endorphins, enkephalins, somatotropin, and somatostatin elicit various responses in monocytes and macrophages, presumably as a consequence of receptor stimulation. However, formal evidence for the existence of functional surface receptors on these cells is available only for substance P. Activation of macrophages by neuropeptides is yet another example of neuroimmune modulation. These interactions may be involved in the regulation of local immunity in tissues with dense neuropeptidergic innervation and could also contribute to tissue damage under a number of inflammatory conditions.
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PMID:Activation of macrophages by neuropeptides. 307 76

The endocrine cells in the gut of Mugil saliens Risso, 1810 (leaping grey mullet) were investigated by immunocytochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Gastrin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were identified in the cardiac and cecal stomach regions, located mainly in the lower part of the gastric folds and in the upper part of the glands. Substance P-, somatostatin-, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-immunoreactive cells were found between epithelial cells in the pyloric stomach region. Gastrin-, cholecystokinin (CCK)-, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)-, substance P-, Met-enkephalin- and PP-immunoreactive cells were observed throughout the intestine while only the last three of these appeared in the posterior intestine. Nine types of gastroenteroendocrine cells were ultrastructurally characterized; some of them were related to the cell types immunocytochemically identified.
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PMID:The endocrine cells in the gut of Mugil saliens Risso, 1810 (Teleostei): an immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study. 329 46

The distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity within the squid retina and brain was studied by immunofluorescence. Positive immunoreactivity was observed as a single layer of fibres in the retina. The retina was devoid of tyrosine-hydroxylase, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivities. Substance P immunoreactivity was particularly abundant in the optic lobe. The optic lobe had a distinct layer of substance P fibres near the periphery. Immunoreactive cell bodies, fibres and varicosities were additionally present in various areas of the optic lobe. Substance P immunoreactivity in the other ganglia of the brain was restricted to a few scattered fibres.
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PMID:Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the retina and optic lobe of the squid. 353 37

The distribution of regulatory peptides was studied by radioimmunoassay in the separated mucosa, submucosa and muscularis externa of the human oxyntic stomach, antrum and duodenum. Immunoreactive gastrin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide and motilin were virtually confined to the mucosa and duodenal submucosa, where endocrine cells are present. Only minor amounts of motilin and gastrin (3.2 +/- 0.5% and 4.3 +/- 0.8% of their total content, means + SEM, respectively) were found in the separated duodenal muscle. Somatostatin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, substance P-, and mammalian bombesin-like peptides showed distinct differential distributions in all layers. Substance P was low in the stomach and markedly increased in the duodenum, especially in the mucosa (fundus 0.8 +/- 0.2 pmol/g, duodenum 66 +/- 12). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin, although well represented in the stomach, also increased in the duodenum in all layers of the wall (whole fundus 281 +/- 33 and 334 +/- 46 pmol/g, antrum 124 +/- 18 and 426 +/- 59, duodenum 507 +/- 99 and 1816 +/- 149, respectively). Mammalian bombesin immunoreactivity was comparatively abundant in the oxyntic stomach (mucosa 34 +/- 4.5 pmol/g, muscularis externa 29 +/- 4.8), less so in the antrum (6.3 +/- 1.5 and 11 +/- 3.2 pmol/g, respectively). Low concentrations of this peptide were measured in the duodenum, practically confined to the muscle (this layer 5.1 +/- 1.5 pmol/g, or 83 +/- 5.6% of the total content).
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PMID:Intramural distribution of regulatory peptides in the human stomach and duodenum. 359 62

The distribution of regulatory peptides was studied in the separated epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa and muscularis externa of the human jejunum. Gastrin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, enteroglucagon and neurotensin immunoreactivity were almost confined to the endocrine cell-containing mucosal epithelium (greater than 98% of the total content), only minor amounts of motilin being detected in non-epithelial layers (3.6 +/- 0.7%, mean +/- SEM, n = 7). Conversely, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P and mammalian bombesin were virtually limited to non-epithelial layers (greater than 99%). Only somatostatin was found in all layers (44 +/- 6.7% in the epithelium, 34 +/- 5.2% in the lamina propria, 13 +/- 2.9% in the submucosa, and 7.9 +/- 2.8% in the muscularis). Substance P was found in higher concentrations in the mucosa, compared to submucosa and muscle (56 +/- 10, 30 +/- 4.0 and 29 +/- 4.0 pmol/g, respectively), while vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was more abundant in the muscle (411 +/- 52 pmol/g) compared to mucosa and submucosa (228 +/- 64 and 219 +/- 31 pmol/g, respectively). Only low levels of mammalian bombesin were measured, mainly in the muscle (6.9 +/- 1.5 pmol/g, or 89 +/- 3.6% of total content).
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PMID:Regulatory peptide distribution in separated layers of the human jejunum. 360 2

The lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTL) and central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) are amygdaloid nuclei that have similar afferent and efferent connections within the brain. Previous studies have demonstrated that both regions send axonal projections to the dorsal vagal complex (dorsal motor nucleus and nucleus tractus solitarii). The present study used the combined retrograde fluorescence-immunofluorescence method to examine whether cells contributing to this pathway contained any of the following neuropeptides: corticotropin-releasing factor, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P, enkephalin, or galanin. The inputs to the dorsal vagal complex originated mainly from ventral BSTL and medial Ce, although a significant number of neurons within the dorsal BSTL and lateral Ce also contributed. Corticotropin-releasing factor, neurotensin, and somatostatin neurons mainly located within the dorsal BSTL and the lateral Ce contained retrograde tracer after injections into the vagal complex. Substance P neurons in the ventral BSTL and medial Ce provide a sparse input to the dorsal vagal complex. Enkephalin and galanin neurons within the BSTL and Ce did not appear to project to the dorsal vagal complex. Corticotropin-releasing factor and neurotensin neurons within the lateral hypothalamus also project to the dorsal vagal complex. Approximately 22% of the Ce and 15% of the BSTL retrogradely labeled neurons were peptide immunoreactive. Thus, it is concluded the Ce and BSTL are sources of a significant peptidergic pathway to the dorsal vagal complex. However, it is also apparent that the majority of putative transmitter types within the amygdaloid vagal projection still are unknown. The results suggest that the dorsal and ventral BSTL and the lateral and medial Ce, respectively, are homologous zones with regard to chemoarchitecture and connections. The data is discussed considering the possible function of peptides within descending amygdaloid pathways to the brainstem.
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PMID:Neuropeptide neuronal efferents from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central amygdaloid nucleus to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat. 365 18

Two cell culture systems were used for studies of neural functions in vitro. A neuronal hybrid cell line (neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells) and primary glial-rich cultures of newborn murine brain. The level of cyclic AMP in both systems is regulated by two groups of hormones, those that stimulate and those that inhibit formation of cyclic AMP. Among the inhibitory hormones active on the hybrid cells are opioids. Therefore the cells are being used in the elucidation of action of opioids. The list of stimulating and inhibitory hormones regulating the primary glial-rich cultures includes several peptide hormones such as the gastrointestinal peptides secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide, the calcaemic hormones parathyrin and calcitonin, adrenocorticotropin and melanotropins, and somatostatin. Noradrenaline (via alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors) and adenosine (via A1 and A2 receptors) inhibit and stimulate cyclic AMP synthesis in the primary glial-rich cultures. Bradykinin slowly hyperpolarizes the hybrid cells and elicits formation of cyclic GMP. Both responses desensitize rapidly. Substance P increases the permeability of hybrid cells for Na+, as measured by using 14C-guanidinium as substitute for Na+. Hybrid cells actively accumulate taurine, an amino acid that appears to fulfill important functions in the nervous system. The transport of taurine across the plasma membrane is highly specific for and strictly dependent on Na+. The pumped station hypothesis of taurine action in the nervous system views taurine gradient plus taurine carrier as a transport system for the elimination of sodium from neurons during phases of high neuronal activity.
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PMID:Cell culture as models for studying neural functions. 608 74

Eleven anesthetized dogs were provided with a common bile duct fistula, and the gallbladder was excluded. After stabilization of the bile flow by intravenous infusions of taurocholate, various peptides were administered intravenously. Substance P (SP) decreased the output of hepatic bile, bile acids, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate by about 50%. When SP was superimposed on cholecystokinin (CCK)- or secretin-induced choleresis, all CCK-induced effects were abolished, whereas SP had a less pronounced anticholeretic effect when choleresis was induced by secretin. Somatostatin (SST) decreased the output of hepatic bile, bile acids, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate by about 25%. SST had no inhibitory effect on CCK- or secretin-induced choleresis. It is suggested that the principal mode of action of SST on bile flow is indirect by inhibiting the release of choleretic hormones, whereas SP is suggested to act directly on the hepatocytes.
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PMID:Effects of substance P and somatostatin on taurocholate-stabilized and CCK- or secretin-induced choleresis in the anesthetized dog. 608 18


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