Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The neural input to the frog bladder was characterized in vitro. The nerve-evoked bladder contraction consists primarily of an early parasympathetic cholinergic component and a later, longer-lasting non-adrenergic non-cholinergic component. This slow non-adrenergic non-cholinergic contraction is not only resistant to cholinergic and adrenergic antagonists, but also to H1 and H2 histaminergic antagonists and to the serotoninergic antagonist, methysergide. It is concluded that the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic contraction is mediated by an efferent action of the sensory system because it is resistant to ganglionic nicotinic antagonists and because it is elicited specifically by stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the dorsal root. 5-Hydroxytryptamine is a potent and specific inhibitor of the sensory non-adrenergic non-cholinergic contraction. Although the bladder smooth muscle is innervated by terminals containing a somatostatin-like substance, somatostatin does not cause a bladder contraction. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, enkephalin, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, adenosine and adenosine 5 monophosphate are also unlikely candidates for the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic transmitter because they do not produce bladder contractions and/or their antagonists are ineffective on the nerve-evoked contraction. A putatively sensory network of fibers containing a substance P-like material is located within the wall of the bladder. Substance P produces bladder contractions at concentrations as low as 10(-9) M and so it, or a related substance, is a viable transmitter candidate in this system. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)(10(-5) M) also causes a bladder contraction and remains a possible candidate as well. The data demonstrate that the bladder contraction resulting from electrical stimulation of the bladder nerves is due in large part to the "antidromic" stimulation of sensory axons. The likely presence therefore of potent and releasable substances in the peripheral sensory terminals of the bladder suggests that this sensory system may exert significant local, efferent control of bladder smooth muscle (i.e. independent from the central nervous system).
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PMID:The efferent role of sensory axons in nerve-evoked contractions of bullfrog bladder. 244 35

Neurogenic inflammation is a reaction which includes vasodilation, plasma extravasation, and smooth muscle contraction elicited by activation of and release of mediators from unmyelinated afferent nerve endings. Further release of inflammatory mediators follows activation of axon collaterals associated with these afferent nerve endings as axon reflexes. Substance P, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and calcitonin gene-related peptide are candidate mediators. Recent evidence suggests that several of these peptides may be colocalized either with one or more other peptides or with acetylcholine or noradrenalin. Communicating pathways exist between nerves within the mucosa and the muscle layers. Both long and short visceral reflexes occur. Inflammatory, mechanical, or chemical stimuli reaching the mucosa may release peptides from peripheral nerve endings. Thus neurogenic inflammation may be an important factor in inflammatory bowel disease.
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PMID:Neuropeptides, inflammation, and motility. 244 99

The distribution of peptide-immunoreactive neurons in the human retina was investigated. Neurons displaying immunoreactivity towards substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI) were found in amacrine cells with cell bodies situated in the innermost part of the inner nuclear layer and nerve fibers ramifying in the inner plexiform layer in a manner differing according to the peptide investigated. Two other cell types were found. In the middle of the inner plexiform layer cell bodies showing immunoreactivity towards substance P, VIP and PHI were found. In the ganglion cell layer there were cell bodies showing immunoreactivity towards substance P, somatostatin, VIP and NPY. Substance P immunoreactive, somatostatin and NPY immunoreactive fibers situated at the border between the inner nuclear and outer plexiform layers and traversing the inner nuclear layer were also found.
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PMID:Peptide immunoreactive neurons in the human retina. 245 1

With the use of several region-specific antisera and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique, several regulatory polypeptides were localized in nerves of the kidney. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)- immunoreactivity (IR), neurotensin (NT)-IR and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-IR occurred at high densities in all segments of the renal arterial system forming a perivascular plexus. Furthermore, NT-IR nerves were particularly frequent at the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IR was mainly concentrated in nerves supplying the hilus arteries and the JGA. Substance P (SP)-IR was predominantly found in large varicosities close to large renal arterial vessels and in the vicinity of the JGA. Somatostatin (SOM)-IR was only observed in single varicosities located at the media-adventitia border of large renal hilus arteries. The peptidergic nerves are correlated to their ultrastructural counterpart. In addition, the distribution patterns and the frequency of the different types of renal peptidergic nerve fibres are evaluated and compared. The functional role of these neuropeptides and their origin within the efferent branch of this part of the peripheral autonomic nervous system is discussed. Furthermore, the implication of some of the neuropeptides studied in afferent renal innervation is also substantiated.
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PMID:Neuropeptide (neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, somatostatin) immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure of renal nerves. 245 14

The presence and distribution of multiple neuropeptides in vagal and glossopharyngeal afferent ganglia of the rat were studied using immunohistochemistry. Substance P-, calcitonin-gene related peptide-, cholecystokinin-, neurokinin A-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons were detected in each visceral afferent ganglion. Neurotensin-immunoreactive cells were not observed. In the nodose ganglion (inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve) occasional immunoreactive cells were scattered throughout the main (caudal) portion of the ganglion with small clusters of cells seen in the rostral portion. The pattern of distribution of the various peptides in the nodose ganglion was similar, with the exception of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons which exhibited a more caudal distribution. The relative numbers of immunoreactive cells varied, with the greatest numbers being immunoreactive for substance P or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and the lowest numbers being immunoreactive for neurokinin A and somatostatin. A build-up of immunoreactivity for each of the peptides, except somatostatin and neurotensin, was detected in vagal nerve fibers of colchicine-injected ganglia. Numerous peptide-immunoreactive cells were also found in the petrosal (inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve) and jugular (superior ganglion of the vagus nerve) ganglia. No specific intraganglionic distribution was noted although the relative numbers of cells which were immunoreactive for the different peptides varied considerably. Substance P and calcitonin-gene related peptide were found in large numbers of cells, cholecystokinin was seen in moderate numbers of cells, and neurokinin A, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin were seen in fewer cells. These data provide evidence for the presence and non-uniform distribution of multiple peptide neurotransmitters in vagal and glossopharyngeal afferent neurons. In general, relatively greater numbers of immunoreactive cells were located in the rostral compared with caudal nodose ganglion, and in the petrosal and jugular ganglia compared with the nodose ganglion. Thus, multiple neuropeptides may be involved as afferent neurotransmitters in the reflexes mediated by vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory nerves.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of neuropeptides in vagal and glossopharyngeal afferent neurons in the rat. 245 28

The gross morphology and growth patterns of substance P, enkephalin-, somatostatin- and vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive neurons have been studied in explant cultures of the myenteric plexus taken from beneath the newborn guinea-pig taenia coli, grown for up to 4 weeks in vitro. Substance P- and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons were more abundant than somatostatin- and vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive neurons. The peptide-containing neuronal cell bodies were clearly visible in culture and exhibited characteristic gross morphologies similar to those described in situ, although some overlap of shape between populations containing different peptides was seen. All four types of peptide-containing fibres were found in the outgrowth and central areas of the cultures. In the case of substance P and somatostatin, the density and pattern of labelling in the central, neuronal area of the cultures resembled that previously seen in the myenteric plexus of the newborn guinea-pig caecum in situ, while the density of the enkephalin-immunoreactive fibres was greater, and that of the vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive fibres less than that seen in situ. These observations suggest that subpopulations of myenteric neurons containing different peptides may be differentially affected by the culture environment. Possible contributory factors are discussed.
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PMID:Peptide-containing neurons in explant cultures of guinea-pig myenteric plexus during development in vitro: gross morphology and growth patterns. 246 1

The developing fetal monkey visual cortex was studied immunocytochemically from 110-155 days post-conception in order to localize cell populations immunoreactive (ir) for gamma-aminobutyric acid, Substance P, cholecystokinin-octapeptide, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and proenkephalin A peptide (BAM-18). The area 17/18 border and all cortical laminae identified in the adult visual cortex were discernible from the youngest age examined. All ir-cell populations studied were present at each fetal age. However, despite a relatively adult-like cytoarchitecture, all ir-cell populations studied displayed patterns of immunostaining which were unlike those described in adult visual cortex, and showed significant changes in laminar distribution, morphology, and numbers over the time course of gestation examined. Despite the differences in the patterns of immunostaining between the fetal and adult visual cortex, ir-cell populations intrinsic to the developing visual cortex exhibited adult-like combinations of co-localized transmitters and peptides. The developing monkey cortex also contains ir-cell populations, particularly BAM-18-ir cells, which have not been detected immunocytochemically in the adult monkey cortex. Differences between the fetal and the adult ir-cell populations might be accounted for by cell death, morphological transformation, secondary migration or changes in gene expression for neurotransmitters and neuropeptides.
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PMID:Temporal sequence of neurotransmitter expression by developing neurons of fetal monkey visual cortex. 246 14

Localization and development of chick heart peptidergic innervation (Substance P, VIP and Somatostatin) were investigated by means of immunofluorescence technique. The peptidergic component of the heart innervation was observed, for the first time, in older than 11 day chick embryos, i.e., subsequently to the appearance of the cholinergic component. The peptidergic structures achieve nearly full development in about 16-17 day embryos. Substance P is the most represented of the three peptides. It is localized both in nerve bundle fibers and in isolated fibers within the myocardium, the pericardium, the vessel walls; it is also present in fibers of some heart base ganglia. VIP is mostly contained in some thick single fibers travelling along the vessel walls of the heart base, the myocardium and the pericardium. Some VIP immunoreactive cells were also observed in the base ganglia. Somatostatin is mostly contained in some ganglia cells, whilst thin Somatostatin-immunoreactive fibers form a rich plexus among the atrial and ventricular myofibers, without contacting the vessel walls.
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PMID:Chick heart peptidergic innervation: localization and development. 246 89

The purpose of the present study was to quantify the extent to which several peptides and serotonin coexist with substance P or somatostatin in selected lumbar dorsal root ganglia of the cat. The technique for the simultaneous visualization of two antigens by immunofluorescence was used to investigate the coexistence of neuropeptides in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia of colchicine-treated cats. Perikarya immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, leu-enkephalin, somatostatin, and substance P were visualized in both the lumbar 5 and 6 dorsal root ganglia. In contrast, no immunoreactivity was observed for adipokinetic hormone, bombesin, dynorphin A, met-enkephalin, oxytocin, tyrosine hydroxylase, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, or serotonin in either ganglion examined. Substance P coexisted with calcitonin-gene-related peptide, somatostatin, and leu-enkephalin. Somatostatin was colocalized with calcitonin gene-related peptide, leu-enkephalin, and substance P but coexisted with galanin minimally. The cell area of immunoreactive perikarya was also examined. Data concerning the cross-sectional area of immunoreactive cells indicated that somatostatin-immunoreactive perikarya were generally the largest population observed (up to approximately 6,000 microns2). Somatostatin and calcitonin gene-related peptide, as well as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, coexisted in populations of cell bodies that had a smaller size (less than 2,000 microns2). These results suggest that certain peptides which coexist in the dorsal root ganglia may provide histochemical markers for functional groups of primary afferent neurons.
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PMID:Lumbar dorsal root ganglia of the cat: a quantitative study of peptide immunoreactivity and cell size. 247 1

Saturable binding sites for 125I-Bolton-Hunter substance P were observed in frozen sections of the oxyntic mucosa of the canine stomach using quantitative autoradiography. The cell type possessing substance P binding sites in this region was identified as the chief cell in 2 ways. First, the saturable binding of radioiodinated substance P correlated with chief cell content (and not with parietal cell content, for example) in dispersed oxyntic mucosal cells fractionated by centrifugal elutriation. Second, saturable binding of radioiodinated substance P was localized to dispersed chief cells by autoradiography using emulsion-coated preparations of isolated cells affixed to glass slides. Parietal and mucous cells did not bind substance P. In studies of enriched chief cell preparations, the binding of radiolabeled substance P was found to be time- and cell number-dependent, specific, saturable, reversible, and of high affinity. Equilibrium binding analysis revealed a single class of binding sites with an apparent Kd of 105 pM and a Bmax of 3000 receptors per cell. In competitive displacement studies, the order of potency of analogs for inhibition of the saturable binding of radiolabeled substance P to chief cells was substance P = physalaemin greater than substance K greater than neuromedin K; thus, the chief cell has a substance P-preferring tachykinin binding site. Bombesin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin had no effect on substance P binding. Substance P stimulated pepsinogen secretion from isolated canine oxyntic glands in dose-dependent fashion with a half-maximal response occurring at a substance P dose of about 1 mM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Substance P receptors on canine chief cells: localization, characterization, and function. 247 93


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