Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Substance P (SP) in the dose range 0.75-1.5 nmol exerts a potent stimulatory effect on ventilation after microinjection into the rat ventrolateral medulla oblongata (VLM; n. reticularis lateralis, n. paragigantocellularis lateralis). A significant but less pronounced effect is also seen in the dorsal medulla (DM; n. tractus solitarius). Somatostatin (0.6-1.8 nmol) inhibited ventilation and induced apnoea after microinjection into the VLM but not the DM. Serial microinjections of the two peptides showed a reciprocal antagonistic action in the VLM but not in the DM. The apnoea-inducing effect of SOM was blunted by SP while SOM reduced the ventilatory stimulation induced by SP. Extracellular single unit recordings were performed following the microiontophoretic application of SP and/or SOM to respiratory-related and non-respiratory-related neurons in the VLM and DM. Although a heterogeneous population of neurons were recorded from, the majority of respiratory-related units in the VLM responded with excitation to SP and inhibitory to SOM. A direct interaction between the peptides was seen in some respiratory-related units. The neurons not responding to either of the peptides were usually non-respiratory. Dorsal to the VLM, the type of response to the two peptides was less likely to be antagonistic and a wider distribution of response types were recorded. The results indicate a direct physiological antagonism between SP and SOM regarding their effects on respiratory regulation elicited in the VLM.
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PMID:Antagonistic effects of somatostatin and substance P on respiratory regulation in the rat ventrolateral medulla oblongata. 171 56

Substance P and somatostatin contents were measured in the gastrointestinal tract of streptozotocin diabetic rats, 1 month after streptozotocin administration (60 mg/kg), and of age-matched controls with radioimmunoassay. Substance P and somatostatin contents were statistically increased in the extrafundus of the diabetic stomach, but not in the diabetic fundus. Substance P was significantly decreased in the diabetic ileum and caecum. Similarly, somatostatin was decreased in the diabetic caecum. Contrarily, slight increase of somatostatin contents in the diabetic duodenum, jejunum and proximal colon was not statistically significant.
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PMID:Changes of substance P and somatostatin contents in the gastrointestinal tract of streptozotocin diabetic rats. 172 Aug 76

Human blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma through their recruitment into the bronchoalveolar lumen and the lung by local release of chemotactic factors. Therefore chemotactic activities of several mediators (PAF, histamine and three neuropeptides substance P, VIP and a somatostatin analog) were compared on blood PMN from both healthy subjects (HS) and asthmatic patients (AP). The maximal response to PAF was significantly different (P less than 0.05) with cells from both groups. Moreover activity for the HS peaked at 10(-6) M, whereas the AP showed peak chemotactic activity at 10(-8) M. Histamine had no chemoattractant effect on PMN. Substance P did not induce PMN locomotion, whereas VIP induced a chemotactic response in a dose-dependent manner, particularly with cells from HS as compared to those from AP. BIM 23014 (a somatostatin analog) exhibited chemotactic activity which was also more pronounced with PMN from HS as compared to those from AP. Our findings showed that blood PMN could be involved in asthma through their heightened locomotor reactions to mediators which are known to be released locally by activated cells in bronchoalveolar lumen.
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PMID:Neutrophil chemotactic activity of PAF, histamine and neuromediators in bronchial asthma. 172 27

Substance P-like and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities (SPLI and SLI) were determined in ventricular fluid of patients with chronic pain syndromes and in a comparison group with multiple sclerosis, essential tremor, epilepsy and postanoxic myoclonus. Concentrations of SPLI and SLI were non-significantly decreased by 40% and 33% in chronic pain patients as compared with control patients without pain. There were no differences apparent between subgroups of pain patients (deafferentation pain, neoplasia-induced pain, thalamic pain). High pressure liquid chromatography combined with radioimmunoassay showed marked heterogeneity of SPLI and SLI.
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PMID:Substance P-like immunoreactivity and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the ventricular fluid of patients with chronic pain syndromes. 183 80

This study focuses on the involvement of catecholamines and nine different peptides in efferents of the nucleus of the solitary tract to the central nucleus of the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and different parabrachial and hypothalamic nuclei in the rat. A double-labeling technique was used that combines a protein-gold complex as the retrograde tracer with immunohistochemistry. Catecholaminergic projection neurons were the most numerous type observed and projected mainly ipsilaterally to all targets studied. Most projections arose from areas overlying the dorsal motor nucleus, mainly the medial nucleus. Neurons synthesizing somatostatin, met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, dynorphin B, neuropeptide Y, and neurotensin projected to all structures examined. Somatostatin and enkephalin immunoreactive projection cells were the most numerous. They were located in close proximity to each other, including all subnuclei immediately surrounding the solitary tract, bilaterally. Most dynorphin and neuropeptide Y immunoreactive projection cells were found rostral to that of enkephalinergic and somatostatinergic projections, and mainly in the ipsilateral medial nucleus. Neurotensinergic projections were sparse and from dorsal and dorsolateral nuclei. Substance P and cholecystokinin contribute to parabrachial afferents. The location of substance P immunoreactive projection cells closely resembled that of enkephalinergic and somatostatinergic projections. Projecting cholecystokinin immunoreactive cells were observed in dorsolateral nucleus. Bombesin immunoreactive cells in dorsal nucleus projected to either the parabrachial or hypothalamic nuclei. No vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing cells were detected. Thus, most catecholaminergic and neuropeptidergic efferents originated from different populations of cells. It is proposed that catecholaminergic neurons constitute the bulk of solitary efferents and that they may contribute to autonomic neurotransmission. Peptidergic neurons mainly form other subgroups of projections and may play a role in modulating the physiological state of the target nuclei.
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PMID:Neuropeptides and catecholamines in efferent projections of the nuclei of the solitary tract in the rat. 196 68

1. The mechanical responses to some autonomic drugs and neuropeptides of longitudinal muscle (LM) and circular muscle (CM) strips isolated from the carp intestinal bulb were investigated in vitro. 2. Acetylcholine and carbamylcholine caused concentration-dependent transient contraction of both LM and CM strips. Tetrodotoxin had no effect, but atropine selectively decreased the contractile responses to acetylcholine and carbamylcholine. 3. Excitatory alpha-2 and inhibitory beta adrenoceptors were present in both LM and CM strips. 4. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) caused concentration-dependent contraction of both LM and CM strips. Tetrodotoxin, atropine and methysergide decreased the contractile responses to 5-HT. 5. Some neuropeptides (angiotensin I, angiotensin II, bombesin, bradykinin, neurotensin, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) did not cause any mechanical response (contraction or relaxation) in either smooth muscle strip. 6. Substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA) and neurokinin B (NKB) caused contraction of both LM and CM strips. However, the time course of the contraction in LM was different from that in CM. The order of potency was NKA greater than SP greater than NKB in LM strips and NKA greater than SP much greater than NKB in CM strips. In LM strips, the contractile responses to tachykinins were unaffected by spantide and methysergide, but partly decreased by tetrodotoxin and atropine. On the other hand, the contractile responses of CM strips were unaffected by tetrodotoxin, atropine, methysergide and spantide. 7. Dynorphin (1-13) (DYN), leucine-enkephalin (L-Enk) and methionine-enkephalin (M-Enk) caused concentration-dependent contraction of both LM and CM strips. The order of potency was DYN greater than M-Enk greater than L-Enk. Naloxone selectively decreased the responses to opiate peptides. 8. The present results indicate that acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, catecholamines, 5-HT, tachykinins (SP, NKA and NKB) and opiate peptides (DYN, L-Enk and M-Enk) affect the mechanical activity of LM and CM strips isolated from the carp intestinal bulb through their specific receptors.
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PMID:Effects of some autonomic drugs and neuropeptides on the mechanical activity of longitudinal and circular muscle strips isolated from the carp intestinal bulb (Cyprinus carpio). 198 39

The deep dorsal penile vein was obtained from seven patients undergoing surgery for erectile dysfunction. The veins were studied histologically and immunohistochemically for serotonin, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, somatostatin, and [Leu]- and [Met]enkephalin. Histologically, the deep dorsal vein was found to be a large muscular vein with a thin endothelial lining. The tunica media was composed of an inner longitudinally and an outer circularly arranged smooth muscle layer. Numerous vasa vasorum (up to 30 in a single transverse section) were found in the tunica adventitia. The greatest density of nerves supplying the deep dorsal vein and vasa vasorum were neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves followed (in a decreasing order) by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerves. Substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide- and somatostatin-immunoreactive nerves, but not serotonin-, [Leu]- and [Met]enkephalin-immunoreactive nerves, were occasionally found around the deep dorsal vein. All these nerve fibers were confined to the adventitial-medial border except neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves which in addition penetrated the tunica media to the subendothelial layer of the deep dorsal vein. In contrast, neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves supplying the vasa vasorum were always confined to the adventitial-medial border. The possible function of the medial innervation of the deep dorsal vein by neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves is discussed.
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PMID:The human penis: an unusual penetration of NPY-immunoreactive nerves within the medial muscle coat of the deep dorsal vein. 203 19

Whole mount preparations of the small intestine from Wistar, normoglycemic 90-day diabetic BB, hyperglycemic 90-day diabetic BB and age-matched nondiabetic BB rats were immunostained to determine the extent of the peptidergic innervation. The neuropeptides examined were vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y, substance P. calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin and somatostatin. The extent of the peptidergic innervation in the submucous and myenteric plexuses from the control Wistar, nondiabetic BB and normoglycemic diabetic BB rats was identical. In the submucous plexus of the hyperglycemic diabetic BB rats there was a marked reduction in the number of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibres. Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide which are colocalized in a proportion of the somatostatin neurons were unaffected. In the myenteric plexus of the hyperglycemic diabetic BB rats the number and intensity of staining of the galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibers was markedly increased. Galanin has not been observed to colocalize with any of the other neuropeptides examined.
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PMID:Effect of diabetes in the BB Wistar rat on the peptidergic component of the enteric innervation. 226 48

Recent reports suggesting that the actions of certain neuroenteric peptides may be mediated in part by the secretion of histamine and other mast cell contents could have important implications for gastrointestinal motility and secretion. However, evidence for a mast cell-hormonal interaction is based on studies using peritoneal or cutaneous mast cells. Because intestinal mucosal mast cells (MMC) differ functionally from peritoneal mast cells (PMC), we compared the effects of several neurotransmitters and intestinal hormones on histamine secretion from two mast cell types in the rat. MMC hyperplasia was induced in rats by infection with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, and MMC were isolated from the small intestine by collagenase digestion. Substance P, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neurotensin, and bradykinin had a potent secretagogue effect on (10(-7) to 10(-4)M) PMC which was temperature-, energy-, and calcium-dependent. In contrast to PMC, MMC released significant amounts of histamine only when challenged with substance P. Acetylcholine, bombesin, motilin, and pentagastrin had no secretory effect on either PMC or MMC. The differences between PMC and MMC in responsiveness to peptides could not be attributed to the MMC isolation procedure because PMC treated similarly or mixed with MMC suspensions retained their responsiveness to these stimuli. Our results extend the concept of neurocrine control of mast cell function, but indicate that mast cells from different sites have distinct profiles of responsiveness to regulatory peptides.
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PMID:Mast cell heterogeneity: effects of neuroenteric peptides on histamine release. 240 46

The localization of Substance P(SP)-, Methionine-Enkephalin(met-Enk)-, Somatostatin(SOM)- Serotonin(SER)-, Cholecystokinin(CCK)-, and Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity (-LIR) has been determined immunocytochemically in the thoracic spinal cord intermediate zone of male and female guinea pigs. All neuroactive substances studied are exclusively localized in nerve fibre varicosities and terminals building up the vegetative network of the thoracic spinal cord intermediate zone. This network is situated dorsally to the central canal as a longitudinal plate of approximate thickness of 90-100 microns. Immunoreactive fibres are observed in the two Fasciculi longitudinales laterales and the two Fasciculi longitudinales mediales which are interconnected by transverse and oblique peptide-containing bundles (the terminology used by Petras and Cummings 1972; Galabov and Davidoff 1976). All these bundles interconnect the nuclei intermediolaterales principales and funiculares, the nuclei intercalates spinales and the nuclei intercalates paraependimales in ipsi- and contralateral as well as in rostral and caudal direction. The neurones of these nuclei are surrounded by immunoreactive varicosities and terminals. The quantity of the immunoreactive structures and intensity of the staining varied for the different neuroactive substances. As to the origin of the vegetative network immunoreactive fibres three main possibilities exists: a). From primary afferent neurones situated in the dorsal root ganglia, which send their axons via the dorsal roots (mainly for SP and perhaps for CCK); b). From supraspinal neurones which send their axons descending in the white matter funiculi and in the fasciculi longitudinales laterales and mediales and c). From intrinsic spinal cord neurones, which send their neurites in ascending and descending directions, ipsi- and contralaterally and interconnect the spinal cord segments. The different origin of the vegetative network immunoreactive fibres as well as the complex innervation of the preganglionic sympathetic nerve cells in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord suggests that this network may play an important role in the integration of the central and peripheral vegetative nervous system as well as probably in the integration of the somatic and the vegetative nervous system.
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PMID:Localization of some neuropeptide- and serotonin-like immunoreactivities in the vegetative network of guinea pig spinal cord. 241 Apr 87


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