Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution and localization of several neuropeptides were investigated in the lichenified lesions of 11 patients with atopic dermatitis using indirect immunofluorescence. Substance P-positive nerve fibres were observed in most of the cases of atopic dermatitis, but not in normal controls. Somatostatin immunoreactive nerves were not found in the skin of atopic dermatitis, whereas a normal pattern of immunoreactivity could be detected in most of the healthy subjects. Neuropeptide Y-positive dendritic epidermal cells were observed in lesional skin from patients with atopic dermatitis, but not in controls. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity in patients with atopic dermatitis did not differ from that in healthy subjects. With galanin antiserum a diffuse intracellular staining was observed in the epidermis of both atopic patients and controls, while no positive staining was found with either neurotensin or neurokinin A antibodies in either group. These findings suggest a possible involvement of some neuropeptides in the pathomechanisms of atopic dermatitis.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in skin from patients with atopic dermatitis: an immunohistochemical study. 169 5

Cardiovascular responses to intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of substance P and somatostatin were measured in Long-Evans and Brattleboro rats treated with streptozotocin (STZ) or saline. Substance P icv evoked similar pressor responses and tachycardia in STZ-treated and saline-treated Long-Evans rats, together with signs of behavioral activation (i.e., arousal). As a group, Brattleboro rats did not respond significantly to icv substance P, although some individual rats showed clear cardiovascular and behavioral responses. These findings may indicate a reduced sensitivity to icv substance P in Brattleboro rats but show no differences attributable to STZ treatment. Hence, diminished pressor responses to icv angiotensin II (observed previously) may be specific to sympathoadrenal activation associated with drinking. Somatostatin caused a pressor effect in saline-treated, but not in STZ-treated, Long-Evans rats, which was probably due to arginine vasopressin (AVP)-mediated mechanisms because it was not present in either saline-treated or STZ-treated Brattleboro rats. Both control and STZ-treated Long-Evans rats showed a bradycardic response to somatostatin that was not seen in Brattleboro rats. These results indicate that different AVP-mediated mechanisms might be responsible for the pressor and bradycardic effects of icv somatostatin. It is possible that impairment of central somatostatin-mediated AVP release contributes to the diminished role of AVP in blood pressure recovery following ganglion blockade in STZ-treated rats described previously.
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PMID:Central effects of substance P and somatostatin in conscious, streptozotocin-treated rats. 169 38

The effects of the brain-gastrointestinal polypeptide neurotransmitters bombesin, substance P, neurotensin, and somatostatin-14 on cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells against K-562 and CaCo-2 tumour cells were investigated. Bombesin significantly stimulated cytotoxicity against CaCo-2 target cells (10(-12), 10(-10) M and 10(-6) M) and against K-562 target cells (10(-12) and 10(-10) M) in the short 4 hour assay. Substance P showed a tendency to stimulate cytotoxicity at higher concentrations but the changes observed did not reach significance because of large inter-individual variation of responsiveness. Neurotensin did not influence cytotoxicity against either target cell lines. Somatostatin was found to have no influence on cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells but was the only peptide tested which markedly increased chromium release by target cells alone. These findings support the idea that brain-gastrointestinal neuropeptides can play a part in tumour cytotoxicity.
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PMID:Neuropeptide regulation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity against human tumor cells. 170 Dec 25

Immunohistochemical methods were used to determine the localisation of immunoreactivities to a variety of antigens involved in neurotransmission in the myenteric plexus of the colon in the rat and mouse. The findings in the two species were closely similar. Five neuronal types have been identified. (i) The axons of extrinsic noradrenergic sympathetic neurons, immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase, supply the ganglia and the circular muscle. (ii) Bombesin immunoreactive intrinsic neurons with unbeaded axons are largely confined to the ganglia and tracts of the plexus. These neurons probably contain gastrin-releasing peptide, which is the mammalian analogue of bombesin. (iii) Somatostatin immunoreactive intrinsic neurons have long, beaded axons within the myenteric plexus and also outside the plexus, between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers. (iv) Intrinsic neurons containing opioid peptides (beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin), have beaded axons that cannot be traced for long distances. They contact all the cell bodies in the ganglia and extend also into the interganglionic tracts and the smooth muscle. (v) Substance P immunoreactive somata and axons are present throughout the myenteric plexus and provide dense innervation to the smooth muscle. Extrinsic substance P immunoreactive sensory axons are probably also present.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of the myenteric plexus of the colon in the rat and mouse. 170 22

Release of [3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) was examined in a submucous plexus preparation obtained from the guinea pig small intestine in vitro. Constant-current field stimulation evoked ACh output; this output was dependent on the stimulus frequency applied. Maximal release was observed at 10 Hz; this release was blocked by tetrodotoxin (1 x 10(-6) M) or in Ca2(+)-free buffer. Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] stimulated the release of ACh dose dependently, with an ED50 of 5 x 10(-7) M. Substance P was ineffective, while vasoactive intestinal peptide weakly stimulated ACh secretion. Several neuropeptides were tested on their ability to modulate 5-HT-evoked ACh release. Dynorphin A inhibited 5-HT-stimulated ACh release, while Met-enkephalin was without any effect. Both somatostatin and galanin were effective modulators, with an inhibitory effect in the submicromolar range and an excitatory effect at higher concentrations. The response characteristics of the cholinergic neurons of submucosal plexus differ markedly from those of the myenteric plexus. These distinct features form an important framework for future functional studies on submucous plexus neurons.
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PMID:Modulation of submucosal cholinergic neurons by 5-hydroxytryptamine and neuropeptides. 170 72

It has been assumed that the histamine release from mast cells induced by various neuropeptides or basic protein plays some important roles in the development of the hyperreactivity of airways. In the present study, the mechanisms of the histamine release induced by neuropeptides and histone were investigated. Substance P, somatostatin, neurotensin or histone induced histamine release from isolated rat peritoneal mast cells even in the Ca free medium; Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca store was detected very significantly. In order to study the interaction between neuropeptides and phospholipid bilayer of cell membrane, model membrane systems were used. It was indicated that the interaction between basic amino acid residues of neuropeptides and acidic portion in the lipid bilayer caused the conformational changes of neuropeptides from the random coil in the water to the beta-form in the lipids. At the same time, hydrophobic amino acid residues may interact with the hydrophobic region in the lipid bilayer of cell membrane and induce the membrane perturbation, which may cause an increase of the permeability of the membrane. Subsequently, it became evident that after an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, the cytoskeletons inside the mast cell were activated so as to extrude the granules out of the cell.
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PMID:[Mast cell]. 170 50

Substance P and somatostatin may be transmitters of nociceptive information, which are involved in the transmission of pressure and heat nociceptive information, respectively, in the spinal dorsal horn. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, which is present in the primary sensory neurons having substance P or somatostatin, may function as a pain-promoting substance and be involved in the production of inflammation-induced hyperalgesia. The descending noradrenergic system plays a role in inhibiting nociceptive transmission in the spinal dorsal horn, and inhibits the release of substance P evoked by noxious mechanical stimulation. Persistent noxious stimuli increase the release of Met-enkephalin from the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, which promotes the activity of the descending noradrenergic system. Morphine activates the descending noradrenergic system, acting on the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. Morphine also activates the descending serotonergic system, which inhibits the release of somatostatin evoked by thermal noxious stimulation.
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PMID:[Neuropeptide-mediated transmission of nociceptive information and its regulation. Novel mechanisms of analgesics]. 170 78

We examined the changes in the concentrations of neuropeptides in various regions of the mouse brain 1, 2 or 6 weeks after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment (30 mg/kg i.p. twice/day for 5 days) and further examined the effects of levodopa injections (200 mg/kg i.p.) for 14 days starting 4 weeks after MPTP treatment on regional somatostatin (SRIF) concentrations. Substance P, cholecystokinin-octapeptide and thyrotropin-releasing hormone did not show any significant changes up to 6 weeks after MPTP treatment, whereas the SRIF concentration increased 1 week after MPTP treatment but decreased thereafter, showing a marked decrease in the striatum and hippocampus after 6 weeks. In the striatum, the decreased concentration of SRIF recovered to the normal level with levodopa injections. This SRIF depletion could be a change secondary to dopamine depletion. On the other hand, in the cerebral cortex, while showing no change in the SRIF concentration after MPTP treatment, the concentration decreased significantly with levodopa injections. In the hippocampus, the decreased SRIF levels were still low after levodopa treatment. Since it has been reported that SRIF concentrations are significantly reduced in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of demented parkinsonians and patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and that levodopa treatment induced various psychiatric side effects, the results of the present study suggest some relationship among levodopa treatment, SRIF depletion and the demented state.
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PMID:Alterations of somatostatin and its modulation by levodopa in MPTP-treated mouse brain. 170 6

The ultimobranchial gland is an endocrine organ consisting of C cell groups. In chickens, the glands are richly supplied by nerve fibers immunoreactive for neurofilaments. It was found by immunocytochemical staining that C cells of chick ultimobranchial glands showed immunoreactivities for multiple kinds of neuropeptides and neuroendocrine proteins in addition to calcitonin, i.e., calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), somatostatin, neurotensin, chromogranin A, and tyrosine hydroxylase. Furthermore, enkephalin-immunoreactive cells that showed long cytoplasmic processes and large cell bodies, being distinct from the C cell feature, were detected. The densities of these cells per unit area of ultimobranchial gland were assessed using computer-assisted image analysis system; calcitonin cells were 42.9 +/- 10.0%; CGRP cells 26.9 +/- 5.6%; neurotensin cells 8.6 +/- 6.9%; somatostatin cells 3.1 +/- 1.4%; chromogranin A cells 11.8 +/- 1.8%; tyrosine hydroxylase cells 10.0 +/- 5.2%; enkephalin cells 2.9 +/- 1.3%. Dense distributions of peptidergic nerve fibers were also detected in chick ultimobranchial glands. Numerous varicose fibers immunoreactive for substance P were distributed in the close vicinity to C cell clusters and blood vessels. Enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers were also prominent around C cell clusters. Galanin-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were distributed around blood vessels only. Subsequently, the ontogeny of these neuropeptides, neuroendocrine proteins, and peptidergic innervations was examined in chickens at various developmental stages. In 10-day-old embryos, weak to moderately intense immunoreactivity for calcitonin was already present in almost all C cells. Immunoreactivities for somatostatin, CGRP, and tyrosine hydroxylase began to appear at this age. At 12 days of incubation, substance P-immunoreactive fibers were first detected in the parenchyma of ultimobranchial glands. Considerable numbers of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers and cells were also observed. At 14 days of incubation, the largest populations of somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells were attained; the densities of somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells per unit area were 21.2 +/- 3.2% and 12.9 +/- 3.1%, respectively. Substance P-immunoreactive fibers became numerous throughout the gland at this age. Thereafter, calcitonin-, CGRP-, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells progressively increased in number with embryonic age, whereas somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells started to decrease. Chromogranin A- and neurotensin-immunoreactive cells began to appear at 16 days and 18 days of incubation, respectively. Galanin-, VIP-, and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were inconspicuous during embryonic life.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization and development of multiple kinds of neuropeptides and neuroendocrine proteins in the chick ultimobranchial gland. 170 88

The serous lingual glands of von Ebner secrete lingual lipase, an enzyme that begins fat digestion in the stomach. The objective of this study was to characterize the neuromodulators in the rat tongue and von Ebner glands using immunocytochemical techniques. Rat lingual tissues were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 4 microns for light microscopic studies. Immunocytochemical localization of neuromodulators was performed with monospecific anti-rat neuromodulator IgG or control (preimmune) IgG as the primary antibody, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. No staining was seen with control anti-rat IgG. Immunospecific staining for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) was observed in nerves in the tongue, and cells containing immunospecific staining for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) were seen in the stroma between the lingual glands. Selected cells in the serous glands stained positively for the presence of substance P and somatostatin. Adrenergic, VIP-containing and cholinergic nerves appear to innervate the tongue and serous glands. Substance P and somatostatin were identified in cells of the lingual serous glands and may be additional local modulators regulating lingual lipase release.
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PMID:Neuromodulators of the lingual von Ebner gland: an immunocytochemical study. 171 11


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