Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The uterus and vagina of the guinea pig have been examined, region by region, for acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity, as well as for the neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, enkephalin and somatostatin. No acetylcholinesterase activity was localized in the uterus, though it was present in associated paracervical ganglion tissues. Of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was found virtually throughout the reproductive tract, whereas aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity was restricted in its distribution. Neuropeptide distribution was quite varied. Neuropeptide Y was found throughout the endometrium/submucosa but only in the muscularis of the vagina and not in the myometrium. Substance P was localized in the vagina and uterine horn, though not the body of the uterus. Vasoactive intestinal peptide was present in all regions of the endometrium/submucosa, but not in the myometrium of the uterine horn. Enkephalin and somatostatin were not localized in any part of the reproductive tract examined, apart from paracervical ganglion tissues. The types and significance of the nerves supplying the reproductive tract are discussed.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of the catecholamine synthesizing enzymes and neuropeptides in the female guinea-pig uterus and vagina. 135 70

Specimens of the sigmoid colon were obtained from male and female patients (n = 11) with carcinoma of the colon or rectum and studied immunohistochemically for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, somatostatin-, substance P-, neuropeptide Y-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-, met- and leu-enkephalin-, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-containing nerves. In the subdivisions of the submucous plexus (namely, Schabadasch's, Meissner's, and the intermediate plexuses), substance P- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerve fibers were the most numerous, and equal densities of these nerves were found in all three layers. In contrast, few neuropeptide Y-, met-enkephalin-, leu-enkephalin-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-, somatostatin-, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerves were found in these regions. The nerve cell bodies of the submucous plexus contained vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, leu-enkephalin, somatostatin, and 5-hydroxytryptamine but not neuropeptide Y, met-enkephalin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerve cell bodies were found in all three subdivisions. Substance P-, leu-enkephalin-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were found in Schabadasch's plexus and the intermediate region of the submucous plexus, but they were absent from Meissner's plexus; 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing nerve cell bodies were only observed in Schabadasch's plexus. The possible function of the neuropeptide-, dopamine beta-hydroxylase-, and 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing neurons in the different layers of the submucous plexus is discussed.
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PMID:Peptide-containing neurons in different regions of the submucous plexus of human sigmoid colon. 848 77

Neuropeptides, synthesized in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), are implicated in nociception and neurogenic inflammation. Alterations in DRG neuropeptide levels have been described in polyarthritic rats, but these models are associated with widespread systemic disease. Using mild adjuvant-mediated monoarthritis of the left carpal joint we found significant increases in substance P (+69%) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; +204+), but not somatostatin in ipsilateral C6/7 DRG. Peptide levels in contralateral DRG and other ipsilateral DRG were unaltered. Substance P and CGRP in DRG may be of importance in the pathogenesis and maintenance of adjuvant arthritis.
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PMID:Increase in substance P and CGRP, but not somatostatin content of innervating dorsal root ganglia in adjuvant monoarthritis in the rat. 137 70

This is the first investigation of alterations in the innervation of the obstructed human bladder by nerves containing neuropeptides. The patient groups studied were those with stable detrusor function, those with unstable detrusor function, and those presenting with acute retention of urine. Specimens of bladder tissue were taken from the lateral wall of the bladder below the peritoneal reflection. A total of 23 patients was studied (control, n = 4; acute retention, n = 5; stable obstruction, n = 5; unstable obstruction, n = 9). Substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide levels in the bladder were quantified by immunoassay. The density of innervation of the bladder detrusor by nerves containing these neurotransmitters and by those containing neuropeptide Y and somatostatin was assessed using both semiquantitative and quantitative immunohistochemical techniques. A reduction in the density of innervation by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and somatostatin-immunoreactive but not neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerve fibres was shown in the obstructed bladder. These findings, combined with the significant reduction in substance P content of the obstructed bladder and in particular of the acute retention bladder, indicate that there may be an afferent nerve dysfunction resulting from prostatic bladder outflow obstruction.
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PMID:Loss of sensory neuropeptides in the obstructed human bladder. 145 Aug 44

Many visceral afferent neurons contain peptides, which have been proposed as histochemical markers for nerve pathways of particular targets or as transmitter candidates. The former possibility was investigated in the present study. Primary afferent neurons which project to the urinary bladder, distal colon or penis of rats, and the colon of cats were labelled with retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes (Fast Blue, True Blue, or Fluoro Gold). One to six weeks after dye injection into the organs, lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia were removed, treated with colchicine, and processed for immunohistochemical identification of five peptides. Dye-labelled neurons were distributed in an organ-specific manner in the lower lumbosacral ganglia, where colon afferent neurons were almost exclusively found in S1 ganglia, penis neurons primarily in L6, and bladder neurons at both levels. Substance P- (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide-(CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide- (VIP), enkephalin- (ENK), and somatostatin- (SOM) immunoreactivity (IR) were detected in neurons in all lumbosacral ganglia but only some of these peptides were present in a large percentage of labelled neurons. The numbers of peptide-containing neurons innervating each organ were CGRP greater than SP greater than VIP greater than ENK greater than SOM; however some differences were observed in the relative proportions of these neuronal populations between upper lumbar and lower lumbosacral ganglia and between different organs. The major difference seen at the upper lumbar level was amongst the SP-IR neurons, which were common (25-30%) amongst bladder and colon afferent neurons but absent in penis neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Segmental distribution and peptide content of primary afferent neurons innervating the urogenital organs and colon of male rats. 161 47

The anterior major pelvic ganglion (AMPG) of the male guinea-pig has been found to consist of three principal components. The presence of a cholinergic component was determined by the demonstration of cytoplasmic and nerve fibre acetylcholinesterase activity. A noradrenergic component was demonstrated by immunoreactivity (IR) of the catecholamine-synthesising enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in neuronal perikarya. The AMPG also had a peptidergic component which may or may not sub-classify the cholinergic and noradrenergic components. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-immunoreactivities were seen in neuronal perikarya, nerve fibres and nerve terminals/varicosities, while somatostatin (SOM)-IR was restricted to neuronal perikarya. Substance P (SP)-IR was present in a dense network of varicose nerve fibres. However, on a rare occasion SP-IR was observed in neuronal perikarya. Enkephalin (ENK)-IR occurred in a sparsely distributed plexus of varicose nerve fibres. The analysis of adjacent serial sections demonstrated distinct patterns of neuropeptide coexistence in AMPG neurons. NPY-IR was colocalised to a subpopulation of TH-IR neuronal perikarya. NPY-IR was also colocalised with VIP-IR in non-TH-IR neuronal perikarya. VIP-IR occurred together with AChE in particular neuronal perikarya. The relationship between immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and immunoreactive nerve terminals was investigated. SP-IR nerve terminals were closely related to neuronal perikarya exhibiting VIP-, NPY-, or TH-IR. TH-IR neuronal perikarya were also abutted by ENK-IR nerve terminals. VIP- and NPY-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were abutted by two nerve terminal types: one immunoreactive for VIP, the other for NPY. DBH-IR neuronal perikarya received AChE-positive varicosities while AChE-positive neurons were abutted by DBH-IR varicose nerve fibres. AChE-positive varicosities were also closely related to neuronal perikarya possessing VIP-IR and AChE activity.
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PMID:Specific patterns of immunoreactivity in neuronal elements of the anterior major pelvic ganglion of the male guinea-pig. 168 Aug 42

Patterns of immunoreactivity for calcium-binding protein, tyrosine hydroxylase and four neuropeptides in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and ventromedial parts of the caudate nucleus and putamen) were compared to patterns of these markers in the dorsal striatum (the majority of the neostriatum) in rhesus monkey. The striatal mosaic was delineated by calcium-binding protein and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities. Both markers were found preferentially in the matrix of the dorsal striatum. The mosaic configurations of tyrosine hydroxylase, but not calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity, were similar in dorsal and ventral striatal regions. Substance P and leucine-enkephalin were not distributed homogeneously; distinct types and the prevalence of patches of substance P and leucine-enkephalin immunoreactivity distinguish the dorsal striatum from the ventral striatum and distinguish the caudate nucleus from the putamen. In the dorsal striatum, substance P and leucine-enkephalin patches consist of dense islands of immunoreactive neurons and puncta or clusters of immunoreactive neurons marginated by a dense rim of terminal-like puncta; the matrix was also enriched in leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons but contained less substance P-immunoreactive neurons. Patches were more prominent in the caudate nucleus than in the putamen. In the caudate, compartments low in tyrosine hydroxylase and calcium-binding protein immunoreactivities corresponded to cytologically identified cell islands and to patches enriched in substance P and leucine-enkephalin. These patches had a discrete infrastructure based on the location of substance P and leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons and terminals. In the ventral striatum, patches that showed low levels of substance P and leucine-enkephalin immunoreactivities were embedded in a matrix rich in immunoreactive cell bodies, fibers and terminals. In the accumbens, regions showing little tyrosine hydroxylase were in spatial register with patches low in substance P and leucine-enkephalin. Neurotensin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons or processes were also compartmentally organized, particularly in the ventral striatum. Neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons were present predominantly in the nucleus accumbens but not in the dorsal striatum. Some regions enriched in neurotensin immunoreactivity were spatially registered with zones low in tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P and zones enriched in leucine-enkephalin. Areas enriched in somatostatin-immunoreactive processes overlapped with both tyrosine hydroxylase-rich and -poor regions in the ventral striatum. Our results show that the chemoarchitectonic topography of the striatal mosaic is different in the dorsal and ventral striatum of rhesus monkey and that the compartmental organization of some neurotransmitters/neuropeptides in the ventral striatum is variable and not as easily divisible into conventional patch and matrix regions as in the dorsal striatum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The striatal mosaic in primates: patterns of neuropeptide immunoreactivity differentiate the ventral striatum from the dorsal striatum. 168 64

1. The distribution of several neuropeptides (vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, somatostatin and neurotensin) was assessed in ocular tissues from the cow, sheep, rabbit and rat. 2. Vasoactive intestinal peptide was most abundant in the choroid and sclera in all species except the rat. Substance P was most abundant in the retina of cow and rat and in the iris/ciliary body of sheep and rabbit. Somatostatin and neurotensin were most abundant in the retina of all species examined. 3. Regulatory peptides thus display distinct regional distributions within the ocular tissues of a single species of mammal and, in addition, exhibit interspecific variation.
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PMID:The distribution of neuropeptides in the ocular tissues of several mammals: a comparative study. 168 62

Dynorphin A(1-17), the proposed endogenous ligand for the kappa receptor, has been reported to demonstrate no antinociceptive activity when tested in analgesic assays involving noxious (heat (e.g., tail-flick and hot-plate assays). By using a rat tail-flick analgesic assay that utilizes extreme cold as its noxious stimulus (an ethylene glycol-water mixture maintained at -10 degrees C), we have recently reported a dose-related and naloxone-reversible antinociceptive effect for i.c.v. administered dynorphin A(1-17). To elucidate the biochemical mechanism of this antinociception, we designed a push-pull perfusion system which would allow us to measure changes in neuropeptide release in the spinal cord during exposure to noxious heat or cold. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted surgically with two lengths of PE-10 tubing inserted into the spinal subarachnoid space via the cisterna magna, with the push cannula at the level of T-1, and the pull cannula at the rostral edge of the lumbar enlargement. At the time of testing, samples of cerebrospinal fluid were collected both in the presence and absence of a noxious stimulus. Substance P (SP) and somatostatin (SST) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Exposing the animal's tail to the noxious cold (30 sec/min for 20 min) resulted in a significant elevation in SP release (69% above base-line levels), but no change in the level of SST release. Conversely, exposure to noxious heat (50 degrees C, 20 sec/min for 20 min) produced a significant increase in SST release (56% above base line), but no change in the level of SP release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Differential release of substance P and somatostatin in the rat spinal cord in response to noxious cold and heat; effect of dynorphin A(1-17). 169 Feb 93

The occurrence and distribution of an array of neuropeptides and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the circumvallate papillae of monkey, pig, cow, ferret, cat, rat and mouse was studied by immunocytochemistry. The animals were chosen to represent species with different diets. Substance P/neurokinin A- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing fibers were numerous in the circumvallate papillae of all animals examined, with the highest frequency in monkey, pig, cow, rat and mouse; in ferret and cat moderate numbers were detected. Vasoactive intestinal peptide/peptide histidine isoleucine amide-containing fibers were numerous in the circumvallate papillae of pig, while they were moderate in number in monkey, ferret and mouse. Neuropeptide Y-containing fibers were few to moderate in number in the circumvallate papillae of all species. Galanin-containing fibers were numerous in the pig circumvallate papillae, while only a few fibers could be detected in monkey, cow, cat, rat and mouse. Somatostatin-containing fibers were seen only in the cat circumvallate papillae, gastrin-releasing peptide-containing fibers in the cow and cat, cholecystokinin/gastrin-containing fibers in the pig and cow. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-containing fibers were detected in all animals studied. They were few to moderate in number in the circumvallate papillae. There was no obvious link between the peptidergic innervation pattern and the food habits.
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PMID:Peptide-containing nerve fibers in the circumvallate papillae. 169 15


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