Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to compare histologic subtypes and endocrine profiles, immunohistochemical and silver stains were performed on 120 appendiceal carcinoids. Forty-three were predominantly insular; 21 were mixed insular, glandular, and trabecular; 33 were goblet cell; 17 were tubular; and five were clear cell carcinoids. Insular, mixed, and clear cell carcinoids were generally diffusely argentaffin and positive for chromogranin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and serotonin. Occasional tumors of insular or mixed patterns had scattered cells that stained weakly for glucagon, calcitonin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), somatostatin, cholecystokinin (CCK), human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP), or gastrin. Most had S-100-positive sustentacular cells. Less than half were positive for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Many were cytokeratin-positive, but often focally. Goblet cell carcinoids contained few endocrine cells, but these were strongly argentaffin and positive for serotonin in nearly all, and positive for HPP in almost a third. Tubular carcinoids lacked argentaffinity and serotonin but were diffusely and strongly positive for glucagon. All goblet cell and tubular carcinoids were diffusely positive for CEA and cytokeratin. Somatostatin stained strongly in a single tumor, which had psammoma bodies and was in a patient with neurofibromatosis. In all groups, argentaffinity correlated with serotonin positivity, and argyrophilia with chromogranin positivity, although the latter was somewhat more sensitive. We conclude that among appendiceal carcinoids, the endocrine content varies according to histologic subtype.
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PMID:Appendiceal carcinoids: correlation of histology and immunohistochemistry. 247 45

Twenty-one cases of cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma (CNEC) were examined by the ABC-immunoperoxidase method with a panel of antibodies to 5 intermediate filaments, 6 neuroendocrine-associated antigens, 6 peptide hormones, as well as melanoma-associated cytoplasmic antigen (HMB-45) and leukocyte common antigen. All tumors showed strong cytokeratin staining in characteristic dense, inclusion-like, cytoplasmic globules and in a reticular peripheral cytoplasmic pattern. Cytoplasmic coexpression of inclusions of neurofilament antigen was observed in 9/21 cases. Staining for one or more neuroendocrine markers in formalin-fixed tissue (bombesin, 7/20; chromogranin, 11/21; synaptophysin, 6/21) was weak and focal but present in 17/21 cases. In 3 cases, sections of unfixed, snap-frozen tumor were compared with formalin-fixed tissue, and these showed strong, diffuse staining for multiple neuroendocrine antigens. Immunostaining for peptide hormones was not observed, with the exception of weak, focal staining for insulin (1 case), calcitonin (1 case) and somatostatin (2 cases). In 13 cases DNA indices and S-phase fractions (SPF) were determined by flow cytometry on nuclear suspensions from paraffin blocks. DNA histograms in 12 of 13 cases had normal range DNA content (diploid) and elevated S-phase fractions (mean 15%, range 8 to 22%). Mean SPF was not significantly different in the group of patients who developed recurrent and/or metastatic disease (15.6%, N = 10) compared with patients without recurrence (15.8%, N = 10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma: an immunophenotypic, clinicopathologic, and flow cytometric study. 266 40

The histology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of 43 VIP-producing tumors (34 from the pancreas, one jejunal, six retroperitoneal and two mediastinic), 37 of which were associated with the WDHA syndrome, have been investigated on paraffin sections of primary or metastatic tumor tissue. The pancreatic and jejunal tumors showed all structural and secretory patterns of epithelial endocrine tumors, including expression of cytokeratin, neuroendocrine markers like neuron-specific enolase, chromogranins and synaptophysin, peptides like VIP, PHM, GRH, PP, insulin, neurotensin, glucagon, somatostatin and enkephalin, secretory granules, small clear vesicles, peculiar osmiophilic bodies, and occasional formation of tubules or microacini with specialized luminal surfaces. All the remaining tumors were neurogenic, showing either neurons and nerve fibers together with Schwann cells (ganglioneuromas and ganglioneuroblastomas) or endocrine cells (pheochromocytomas) reacting with VIP, PHM, NPY, enkephalin, somatostatin, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, and MAP2 (but not cytokeratin, PP, or GRH) antibodies. A possible origin of pancreatic VIPomas from transformed pancreatic PP cells or ductular stem cells partially committed to differentiation along the PP cell line is suggested.
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PMID:The morphology and neuroendocrine profile of pancreatic epithelial VIPomas and extrapancreatic, VIP-producing, neurogenic tumors. 283 87

Neuroendocrine (NE) neoplasms of the human bronchopulmonary tract were examined by electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and gel electrophoresis of cytoskeletal proteins from microdissected tissue samples. All samples (carcinoids, well-differentiated NE carcinoma, NE carcinomas of intermediate type, NE carcinomas of the small cell type) contained significant numbers of cells that immunostained for one or more of the following neuroendocrine markers tested: bombesin, calcitonin, ACTH, leu-enkephalin, gastrin, serotonin, somatostatin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, vasoactive intestinal peptide, glucagon, insulin, substance P, and neuron-specific enolase. Electron microscopy revealed typical NE cell features, including variable abundant and frequently heterogeneous neurosecretory granules. Tumor cells contained filaments specifically stained with different conventional and monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratins and displayed punctate plasma membrane staining with antibodies to desmoplakins, in agreement with the electron microscopic demonstration of tonofilament bundles and desmosomes. Immunocytochemistry for NE markers and cytoskeletal proteins on consecutive sections revealed both cytokeratins and neuroendocrine substances in single cells. Using gel electrophoresis of cytoskeletal proteins of tissue regions extracted with high salt buffer and detergent, we could detect, in the tumors tested, appreciable amounts of cytokeratin polypeptides 8, 18, and 19, i.e., major cytokeratins also found in certain other lung carcinomas such as adenocarcinomas. Tumor cells were not significantly stained with antibodies to other intermediate filament proteins such as vimentin, desmin, glial filament protein, and neurofilament protein. The results show that NE substances can be synthesized in cells containing a typical epithelial cytoskeleton, i.e., cytokeratin filaments and desmosomes. These findings support the notion of an epithelial character of these tumors and appear in contrast with recent reports that neurofilaments are the only type of intermediate filaments present in carcinoids and other pulmonary NE tumors. These observations may have important implications for the histogenesis of NE carcinomas and for diagnostic pathology.
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PMID:Coexpression of neuroendocrine markers and epithelial cytoskeletal proteins in bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. 298 72

The dispersed neuroendocrine (NE) system is represented in the bronchopulmonary tract by submucosal nerves and ganglion cells and, in the mucosal lining by solitary NE cells and neuroepithalial bodies (NEB's). The latter two components variably express pan-NE markers including NSE, chromogranin (s) and, notably, synaptophysin. The expression of serotonin, bombesin, calcitonin and leu-enkephalin has been well established; additional eutopic materials include somatostatin and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Solitary NE cells and NEB's are epithelial structures as defined by their consistent cytokeratin expression. Hyperplasia and dysplasia of NE cells may be found in association with various forms of chronic injury; they have been noted in chronic bronchiectasis and in the vicinity of neoplasms of various types. Hyperplastic and dysplastic pulmonary NE cells frequently express ectopic materials particularly ACTH. NE neoplasms of the bronchopulmonary tract comprice a spectrum that includes a) carcinoids, b) well differentiated NE carcinomas, c) intermediate cell NE carcinomas and d) small cell NE carcinomas. The precise pathologic criteria defining these entities are discussed in detail as are their clinical implications. The entire spectrum of lung NE neoplasms express NE markers demonstrable by immunocytochemistry; these include pan-NE markers, serotonin and numerous neuropeptides. The expression of multiple hormonal materials is frequent. Within any given tumor, some variation in expression may be noted in different sites and in different periods of the "normal" or therapeutically modified lifespan of the tumor. The entire spectrum of lung NE neoplasms is epithelial for they express cytokeratin polypeptides and desmoplakin; subsets of the tumors coexpress cytokeratins and neurofilament proteins. Also, subsets of these NE neoplasms may be immunostained with monoclonal antibodies to antigens related to exocrine phenotype suggesting focal amphicrine features.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical evaluation of neuroendocrine cells and neoplasms of the lung. 329 Aug 68

Three cases of clinically benign pancreatic papillary cystic tumors in young female patients were studied by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy in order to define the cellular nature of this type of neoplasm. Two of the tumors showed focal cytokeratin- and desmoplakin-positivity as evidence of focal epithelial differentiation, while the tumor cells were in all cases positive for vimentin--the intermediate filament protein typical of (but not specific for) mesenchymal cells. Electron microscopy showed some cell-cell junctions, but there was no evidence of acinar or islet cell differentiation. The tumors were at least focally positive for neuron-specific enolase, and small clusters of polypeptide hormone immunoreactive cells were present in all cases (glucagon 3/3, somatostatin 2/3, insulin 2/3). However, the tumors were negative for synaptophysin and neurofilament proteins, unlike most islet cell tumors. Trypsin and chymotrypsin immunoreactivity was found in all tumors, but because many nonpancreatic carcinomas were also positive, we doubt whether these two enzyme proteins can act as specific markers for pancreatic acinar cell differentiation. Two of the tumors that were studied immunohistochemically for the presence of nuclear estrogen receptors, were negative. Therefore no proof of the suggested hormone dependence of this tumor could be obtained. We conclude that papillary cystic tumor is a neoplasm of primitive pancreatic epithelial cells, that may exhibit focal endocrine cell differentiation.
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PMID:Papillary cystic tumor of the pancreas. An analysis of cellular differentiation by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. 367 83

Pancreatic islets isolated from juvenile but not aging adult mice, when infected with a retrovirus carrying polyomavirus middle T oncogene, produced cell lines, mPAC, with characteristics both of pancreatic ductal epithelium and neuroendocrine cells of the islets. Following three cycles of single cell cloning, mPAC cells consisted of two subtypes, a null cell, and a double-positive cell that co-expressed cytokeratin, a marker of ductal epithelium, and A2B5, a neuroendocrine ganglioside expressed in developing islet cells. Two islet cell genes, encoding somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide, were transcribed at low levels in most mPAC clones, whereas the insulin and glucagon genes were not. Upon inoculation of mice, mPAC cells rapidly formed well-differentiated ductal adenocarcinomas that expressed cytokeratin but not the islet cell markers. The mPAC phenotype may result from a specific dedifferentiation of juvenile islet cells or ductal epithelium induced by middle T protein. Alternatively, mPAC cells may arise by transformation of a multipotential progenitor present within or in juxtaposition to juvenile islets. This cell type could therefore represent one of the targets in human cancers of the pancreatic duct. Moreover, signal transduction systems modulated by middle T, including src-related kinases, phosphatidylinositol kinase, and protein phosphatase 2A, may be involved in pancreatic carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Murine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma produced by in vitro transduction of polyoma middle T oncogene into the islets of Langerhans. 752 78

A case of adenoendocrine cell carcinoma of the gallbladder with adenomucous cells and neuroendocrine cells is reported. A histochemical and immunohistochemical study revealed that the primary tumor in the gallbladder was composed of mucus-secreting and/or argyrophil cells. Furthermore, the tumor showed a positive reaction to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in all tumor cells, to chromogranin A and cytokeratin in many tumor cells, to endocrine granule constituent (EGC) in some tumor cells, and to serotonin and somatostatin in a few tumor cells. In addition, a few mucous cells showed argyrophilia and EGC-positivity in their cytoplasms. This case suggests that the adenoendocrine cell tumor is derived from endodermal stem cells as a result of bidirectional (exocrine and endocrine) differentiation.
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PMID:Adenoendocrine cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: a histochemical and immunohistochemical study. 768 12

The cases of three patients with primary carcinoid tumor of the testis were reported. The patients were 41, 44, and 83 years of age. At initial examination, all three had testicular masses with or without associated pain, and none had the carcinoid syndrome. The tumors measured 4.3 cm, 3.0 cm, and 6.5 cm in dimension. All three tumors manifested classic histologic features of carcinoid tumors. The neoplastic cells exhibited argyrophilia, and all were immunoreactive to chromogranin, serotonin, neuron-specific enolase, and cytokeratin. Two tumors had positive test results for gastrin and one had positive test results for substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. No tumors reacted with somatostatin, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, or placental alkaline phosphatase. Intracytoplasmic, membrane-bound, round-to-elliptical pleomorphic granules were identified by ultrastructural analysis in all cases. DNA flow cytometric analysis revealed a low degree (near-diploid) DNA aneuploidy in all cases, with a DNA index of 1.15 in two tumors and 1.3 in the third tumor. The three patients are alive and well 11 years, 7 years, and 6 months, respectively, after diagnosis. A total of 57 cases of this entity, including the 3 reported here, have been reported. Of these, 43 were pure carcinoid, and 14 were associated with teratoma; 6 (11.6%) patients developed metastases. Tumor size and the presence of carcinoid syndrome have been found to correlate with metastatic potential. Neither tumor necrosis nor local tumor invasion (into vessels, tunica albuginea, etc.) correlated with adverse prognosis. Carcinoid tumor of the testis is a rare indolent neoplasm with potential for distant metastases.
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PMID:Primary carcinoid tumor of testis. Immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and DNA flow cytometric study of three cases with a review of the literature. 768 60

Seven cases of PCNP were studied; 5 females and 2 males, ages ranging from 21 to 68 years (mean 39). All had asymptomatic masses located in the head (3), body (2), isthmus (1) and tail (1). In 4 of them fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was done and showed a diagnostic pattern with papillary clusters as well as isolated epithelial cells with monomorphic appearance, round nuclei and inconspicuous nucleoli; 5 cases had a surgical resection and only 2 a biopsy due to unresectable tumors. Histologically, they showed the typical features of PCNP with solid, papillary, trabecular and cystic patterns. IHQ studies showed positivity for cytokeratin (n = 5), alpha-1-antitrypsin (n = 4), monoclonal NSE (n = 3), chromogranin (n = 3) and estrogen receptors (n = 1). All cases were negative for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, EMA and CEA. DNA analysis done with an image analyzer showed 4 diploid tumors, 2 diploid-tetraploid an 1 aneuploid tumor. One patient died because of postoperative complications and the remaining 6 are alive with a mean follow-up of 17 months (2-36). We emphasize the diagnostic appearance of the tumor on FNA, and the low grade malignant potential of this neoplasm supported by the predominance of diploid tumors. Our IHQ findings suggest both an exocrine and endocrine differentiation.
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PMID:[Papillary and cystic tumors of the pancreas. Clinico-pathological, cytopathological, immunohistochemical, and nuclear ploidy study]. 808 43


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