Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Filiform polyposis (FP) is a rare condition of uncertain pathogenesis, 28 cases of which have been published since it was first described in 1965. It is usually found in association with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, especially Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The condition is characterized by the presence of numerous, densely packed, filiform polyps in the colon, which may resemble villous adenomas on endoscopy. We describe a case of FP occurring in a 33-year-old man with a 5-year history of Crohn's disease, in whom subtotal colectomy was performed because of perforation of the sigmoid colon. Microscopy revealed inflammatory pseudopolyps covered by largely normal and non-dysplastic colonic epithelium. The neuroendocrine system of the intestine in FP was investigated for the first time in this case: marked hyperplasia of endocrine cells immunoreactive for serotonin, somatostatin and enteroglucagon and of neural structures immunoreactive for substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide was noted in the polyps and the adjacent intestinal mucosa. The patient has experienced no further complications in the 12 months since the operation. Medication administered in FP depends mainly on the nature of the underlying disease, and the amount of information published about this condition is as yet insufficient to allow any one specific type of treatment to be recommended. FP alone is not an indication for bowel resection but complications, such as massive haemorrhage or intestinal obstruction, may necessitate surgical intervention.
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PMID:Filiform polyposis: a case report describing clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical findings. 139 19

GABAergic and cholinergic synaptosomes from rat cerebral cortex were isolated by a magnetic immunoaffinity technique, i.e. immunomagnetophoresis. These subpopulations were extracted and subjected to radioimmunoassay for four neuropeptides: Neuropeptide Y (NPY); vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP); substance P (SP); and somatostatin (SRIF). In each of the sub-populations three of the four peptides were enriched in the sorted fraction compared with the mother fraction with respect to the cytosolic marker lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In the GABAergic sub-population the order was SP > SRIF > NPY > or = VIP whilst in the cholinergic sub-population they were enriched in the order VIP > or = NPY > SP > SRIF. The presence of NPY has not previously been reported in cortical cholinergic neurons.
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PMID:The presence of neuropeptides in GABAergic and cholinergic rat cerebrocortical synaptosome sub-populations. 145 55

An implanted stimulating device chronically stimulated the left cervical vagus nerve in epileptic patients. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of free and total gamma-aminobutyric acid, homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, aspartate, glutamate, asparagine, serine, glutamine, glycine, phosphoethanolamine, taurine, alanine, tyrosine, ethanolamine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, vasoactive intestinal peptide, beta-endorphin, and somatostatin were measured before and after 2 months of chronic stimulation in six patients. Significant increases were seen in homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in three patients, and significant decreases in aspartate were seen in five patients. These changes were associated with a decrease in seizure frequency.
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PMID:Neurochemical effects of vagus nerve stimulation in humans. 150 37

Cholinergic synaptosomes from rat cerebral cortex were isolated by a magnetic immunoaffinity technique, i.e. immunomagnetophoresis. This subpopulation was extracted and subjected to radioimmunoassay for 4 neuropeptides:neuropeptide Y (NPY); vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP); substance P (SP); and somatostatin (SRIF). Three of the 4 neuropeptides were enriched in the sorted fraction compared with the mother fraction with respect to the cytosolic marker lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The most enriched neuropeptide was NPY followed by SP and VIP. Somatostatin was not enriched in the cholinergic synaptosome subpopulation. The presence of NPY has not previously been reported in cortical cholinergic neurones.
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PMID:Neuropeptide content of purified rat brain cholinergic synaptosome subpopulations. 160 51

Many visceral afferent neurons contain peptides, which have been proposed as histochemical markers for nerve pathways of particular targets or as transmitter candidates. The former possibility was investigated in the present study. Primary afferent neurons which project to the urinary bladder, distal colon or penis of rats, and the colon of cats were labelled with retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes (Fast Blue, True Blue, or Fluoro Gold). One to six weeks after dye injection into the organs, lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia were removed, treated with colchicine, and processed for immunohistochemical identification of five peptides. Dye-labelled neurons were distributed in an organ-specific manner in the lower lumbosacral ganglia, where colon afferent neurons were almost exclusively found in S1 ganglia, penis neurons primarily in L6, and bladder neurons at both levels. Substance P- (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide-(CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide- (VIP), enkephalin- (ENK), and somatostatin- (SOM) immunoreactivity (IR) were detected in neurons in all lumbosacral ganglia but only some of these peptides were present in a large percentage of labelled neurons. The numbers of peptide-containing neurons innervating each organ were CGRP greater than SP greater than VIP greater than ENK greater than SOM; however some differences were observed in the relative proportions of these neuronal populations between upper lumbar and lower lumbosacral ganglia and between different organs. The major difference seen at the upper lumbar level was amongst the SP-IR neurons, which were common (25-30%) amongst bladder and colon afferent neurons but absent in penis neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Segmental distribution and peptide content of primary afferent neurons innervating the urogenital organs and colon of male rats. 161 47

Functional vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors have been characterized in rat peritoneal macrophages. The binding depended on time, temperature and pH, and was reversible, saturable and specific. Scatchard analysis of binding data suggested the presence of two classes of binding sites: a class with high affinity (kd = 1.1 +/- 0.1 nM) and low capacity (11.1 +/- 1.5 fmol/10(6) cells), and a class with low affinity (kd = 71.6 +/- 10.2 nM) and high capacity (419.0 +/- 80.0 fmol/10(6) cells). Structural requirements of these receptors were studied with peptides structurally or not structurally related to VIP. Several peptides inhibited 125I-VIP binding to rat peritoneal macrophages with the following order of potency: VIP greater than rGRF greater than hGRF greater than PHI greater than secretin. Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreastatin and octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK 26-33) were ineffective. VIP induced an increase of cyclic AMP production. Half-maximal stimulation (ED50) was observed at 1.2 +/- 0.5 nM VIP, and maximal stimulation (3-fold above basal levels) was obtained between 0.1-1 microM. Properties of these binding sites strongly support the concept that VIP could behave as regulatory peptide on the macrophage function.
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PMID:Characterization of functional receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in rat peritoneal macrophages. 165 77

Glutamate and several neuropeptides are synthesized and released by subpopulations of primary afferent neurons. These sensory neurons play a role in regulating the inflammatory and immune responses in peripheral tissues. We have explored what changes occur in the location and concentration of receptor binding sites for sensory neurotransmitters in two human inflammatory diseases, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, using quantitative receptor autoradiography. The sensory neurotransmitter receptors included bombesin, calcitonin gene-related peptide-alpha, cholecystokinin, galanin, glutamate, somatostatin, neurokinin A (substance K), substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Of the nine receptor binding sites examined only binding sites for substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide were significantly altered in the inflamed tissue. These data suggest that substance P is involved in regulating the inflammatory and immune responses in human inflammatory diseases and indicate a specificity of efferent action for each sensory neurotransmitter in peripheral tissues.
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PMID:Alterations in receptors for sensory neuropeptides in human inflammatory bowel disease. 165 49

In recent years evidence has accumulated indicating the presence of functional receptors for most neurotransmitters on astrocytes. In particular, receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase have been demonstrated, in primary astrocyte cultures, for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), noradrenaline (NA) and adenosine. Here we provide, in primary cultures of cerebral cortical astrocytes prepared from neonatal mice, a detailed characterization of a cAMP-dependent process elicited by VIP, NA and adenosine, i.e. the hydrolysis of glycogen. The EC50s for the glycogenolytic effect of VIP, NA and adenosine are 3, 20 and 800 nM, respectively. The initial rate of glycogen hydrolysis is, in nmol/mg prot/min, 9.1 for VIP and 7.5 for NA. The effect of NA is predominantly mediated by beta-adrenoceptors, although an alpha 1-adrenergic component, acting most likely through protein kinase C activation, is also present. The action of VIP is mimicked by peptides sharing sequence homologies such as PHI and secretin. Glutamate, GABA, carbachol and the peptides NPY and somatostatin do not influence glycogen levels. The glycogen content of the cultures can be markedly increased by anabolic factors present in fetal calf serum, by high (e.g. 25 mM) glucose in the medium and by 48-h pretreatment of the cultures with dibutyryl cAMP. These results indicate that the glycogen content of astrocytes is under the dynamic control of various factors, including certain neurotransmitters. They also further stress the notion of a functional interaction between neurons and glial cells aimed at maintaining local energy metabolism homeostasis.
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PMID:Characterization of the glycogenolysis elicited by vasoactive intestinal peptide, noradrenaline and adenosine in primary cultures of mouse cerebral cortical astrocytes. 166 73

The isolated gastric gland preparation, with aminopyrine accumulation as an index of the parietal cell response, has been used to study the effects of somatostatin (S-14), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), cholecystokinin (CCK-8), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and peptide YY (PYY) on the in vitro acid secretion in human and rabbit oxyntic mucosa. Somatostatin was able to inhibit the parietal cell response to histamine in both human and rabbit isolated gastric glands (maximal inhibition, 22% and 34%, respectively) but failed to inhibit the parietal cell response to db-cAMP. However, other peptides capable of inhibiting gastric acid secretion in vivo, such as CCK, VIP, and PYY, were unable to induce any inhibition of the parietal cell response to db-cAMP or histamine in the isolated gastric gland preparation irrespective of the species studied. GRP was not able to induce a parietal cell response, a finding that is in accord with the assumption that the stimulatory effect of GRP on gastric acid secretion in vivo is by releasing gastrin from antral G-cells.
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PMID:Effects of some gastrointestinal peptides on isolated human and rabbit gastric glands. 167 70

The effects of aging on inhibitory neuropeptide concentrations and intrinsic inhibitory innervation of circular muscle were investigated using normal descending colon obtained at surgery. Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide, peptide histidine-methionine, met5-enkephalin, neuropeptide Y, and somatostatin were extracted from specimens of muscularis externa (patient ages: 19-84 years) and measured by radioimmunoassay. Intracellular electrical activity was recorded from strips of circular muscle (patients ages: 49-84 years) using glass microelectrodes; inhibitory junction potentials were evoked by electrical field stimulation. There were no significant differences (t tests: P greater than 0.05) between neuropeptide concentrations in patients less than 70 years old (N = 28) compared to patients greater than or equal to 70 years old (N = 12). However, the amplitude of inhibitory junction potentials declined with increasing patient age (r = -0.58, P = 0.02, N = 16), with no change in resting membrane potentials (r = 0.22; P greater than 0.05). The decline in amplitude in women (r = -0.68, P = 0.03, N = 9) preceded the decline in men (r = -0.62, P = 0.10, N = 7). Age-related decline in inhibitory junction potentials could be related to decreased: density of inhibitory nerves, release of inhibitory neurotransmitter, density of binding sites for inhibitory neurotransmitter on smooth muscle, or a combination thereof. Alternatively, this decline might represent a change in interaction of inhibitory neurotransmitter with the smooth muscle membrane, such as a change in coupling of binding site with the potassium channel, decreased number of potassium channels, or altered permeability of the potassium channel.
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PMID:Inhibitory neuropeptides and intrinsic inhibitory innervation of descending human colon. 167 67


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