Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of the first meals on the release of seven gut regulatory peptides were studied in newborn calves fed colostrum either at serial intervals during the first day of life or at 28 h only. Fasted animals showed no significant variation of plasma peptides until the first feed, except for somatostatin, which peaked at 4-5 h and declined thereafter. As assessed before and 1 h after feeding, the first meal tended to induce rises in plasma gastrin, cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide, while the other peptides were unaffected. Repeated colostrum feeds induced marked increases in plasma gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide from 10 h on. Pancreatic polypeptide was transiently increased from 4 to 16 h. Feeding was followed by a transitory reduction of plasma somatostatin and by a prolonged decrease of plasma motilin. We conclude that colostrum feeding potently modulates the release of several regulatory peptides shortly after birth in calves. These responses may be important for the adaptation of gut growth, secretions and motility to food ingestion in the neonatal period.
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PMID:Early-life patterns of plasma gut regulatory peptide levels in calves: effects of the first meals. 134 58

Several neurotransmitters have been reported to exist in the ganglionated plexus of the guinea pig gallbladder. These include substance P, neuropeptide Y (NPY), calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. To determine which neuropeptides are intrinsic to gallbladder ganglia, we performed immunohistochemistry on colchicine-treated preparations. In separate, single-labeled preparations, a majority of neurons contained substance P-, NPY-, or somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. In double-labeled preparations, a large majority of the neurons that contained substance P-like immunoreactivity also contained NPY-like immunoreactivity and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Immunoreactivity for VIP was present in a small percentage of the gallbladder neurons which did not contain substance P-like immunoreactivity. Additional experiments were done to test for the presence of other compounds, known to exist in the neurons of the gut. Although immunoreactivity was found in control preparations of small intestine, the ganglionated plexus of the gallbladder lacked immunoreactivity for galanin, dynorphin, enkephalin, gastrin-releasing peptide, or gamma-aminobutyric acid. We conclude that ganglia of the guinea pig gallbladder contain at least two populations of neurons, based on transmitter phenotype. One of these populations appears to contain substance P, NPY, and somatostatin. Another population, which represents a small contingent of the total population of neurons, contains VIP.
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PMID:Transmitter diversity in ganglion cells of the guinea pig gallbladder: an immunohistochemical study. 134 12

1. The effects of age, weaning and feeding on the release of seven gut regulatory peptides [gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), motilin and somatostatin] were studied in calves either exclusively milk-fed between birth and 91 days (P group) or weaned between 22-56 days of age (R group). 2. During the first 3 weeks, the basal plasma immunoreactive levels increased with age for secretin, CCK and PP, decreased for gastrin, motilin and somatostatin and were unaffected for VIP. The changes were particularly rapid for somatostatin and gastrin. After 3 weeks, no significant trend was observed with age in the P group. 3. Weaning resulted in an increase of basal gastrin, CCK, PP and VIP and in a decrease of basal secretin and somatostatin. 4. In the P group, the morning meal was followed 1 hr later by an increase of gastrin and CCK, and by a fall of secretin, PP, motilin and somatostatin, but no significant effect was observed in VIP. Weaning resulted in a reduction of the differences between the fasting and the post-feeding values. 5. These changes suggest a large involvement of endocrine cells in the adaptation of gut tissues, secretions and motility at birth, during the maintenance at the pre-ruminant stage and at weaning.
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PMID:Early-life patterns of plasma gut regulatory peptide levels in calves. Effects of age, weaning and feeding. 135 17

The uterus and vagina of the guinea pig have been examined, region by region, for acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity, as well as for the neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, enkephalin and somatostatin. No acetylcholinesterase activity was localized in the uterus, though it was present in associated paracervical ganglion tissues. Of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was found virtually throughout the reproductive tract, whereas aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity was restricted in its distribution. Neuropeptide distribution was quite varied. Neuropeptide Y was found throughout the endometrium/submucosa but only in the muscularis of the vagina and not in the myometrium. Substance P was localized in the vagina and uterine horn, though not the body of the uterus. Vasoactive intestinal peptide was present in all regions of the endometrium/submucosa, but not in the myometrium of the uterine horn. Enkephalin and somatostatin were not localized in any part of the reproductive tract examined, apart from paracervical ganglion tissues. The types and significance of the nerves supplying the reproductive tract are discussed.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of the catecholamine synthesizing enzymes and neuropeptides in the female guinea-pig uterus and vagina. 135 70

Catecholamines acting through beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors cause positive inotropic and chronotropic effects in the human heart. In recent years, however, evidence has accumulated that in the human heart also other receptor systems can affect heart rate and/or contractility. Positive inotropic effects can be mediated by receptor systems acting through accumulation of intracellular cAMP (Gs-protein coupled receptors such as 5-HT4-like, histamine H2, and vasoactive intestinal peptide) or by receptor systems acting independent of cAMP possibly through the phospholipase C/diacylglycerol/inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate pathway (such as alpha 1-adrenergic, angiotensin II, and endothelin). In the non-failing human heart, however, activation of all these receptor systems induces only submaximal positive inotropic effects when compared with those caused by beta-adrenoceptor stimulation, indicating that in humans the cardiac beta-adrenoceptor-Gs-protein-adenylate cyclase pathway is the most powerful mechanism to increase heart rate and contractility. On the other hand, at least three receptor systems acting through inhibition of cAMP formation (Gi-protein coupled receptors) exist in the human heart: muscarinic M2-, adenosine A1-, and somatostatin-receptors. Activation of M2- and A1-receptors causes negative inotropic effects in the non-failing human heart: in atria activation of both receptors causes decreases in basal as well as in isoprenaline-stimulated force of contraction, but in ventricles only isoprenaline-stimulated force of contraction is depressed.
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PMID:Receptor systems in the non-failing human heart. 135 55

Thyroliberin (TRH), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SRIF) act through receptors that are coupled to guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins). Regulation of hormone action may occur at the level of G protein coupling to the receptor or effector systems. In this study we demonstrate that prolonged exposure (for up to 48 hr) of cultured rat pituitary adenoma GH3 cells to these hormones caused homologous and to some extent heterologous attenuation of the adenylyl cyclase (AC) (EC 4.6.1.1) responsiveness. In addition, TRH and SRIF diminished both TRH- and guanosine 5'-[beta gamma-imido]-triphosphate-enhanced phospholipase C (PLC) (EC 3.1.4.3) activity within the same time-course. Measurements of cells membrane levels of Gs protein alpha-subunit (Gs alpha), G(i)-1 alpha/G(i)-2 alpha, G(i)-3 alpha, G(o) alpha and G beta by immunoblotting were performed. TRH and VIP upregulated levels of all G proteins except G(o) alpha and G beta. In contrast, SRIF caused a marked reduction of G beta levels. Thus, TRH and VIP, both acting through Gs, both modulated the alpha-subunit levels of this signal transducer, whereas SRIF, which possibly acts through G(i)-2, did not change the steady state level of G(i)-2 alpha. The actions of TRH, VIP and SRIF are multifaceted at the G protein level, where modulations of subtypes not directly involved in their actions may occur. These findings emphasize the complexity expected to be found in the in vivo situation.
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PMID:Hypothalamic hormones modulate G protein levels and second messenger responsiveness in GH3 rat pituitary tumour cells. 135 62

Calretinin and calbindin-D28k are two calcium-binding proteins which are present in separate populations of interneurons in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. To identify these cells with the populations expressing different transmitters, two-colour immunofluorescence was done with antibodies against the calcium-binding proteins plus antibodies against vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), somatostatin (SRIF), or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In neocortex, calretinin is partially co-localized with VIP (especially in the deeper layers) and is not co-localized with SRIF. Calbindin is largely co-localized with SRIF, and not with VIP. Both calretinin and calbindin are partially co-localized with GABA. In piriform and entorhinal cortex, the patterns resemble those in neocortex. In hippocampus, preliminary data indicate greater heterogeneity, especially in the ventral part; at least a few double-positive cells are present for every combination of calcium-binding protein and neuropeptide. These results expand the known diversity of local-circuit neurons in cortical regions.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical markers in rat cortex: co-localization of calretinin and calbindin-D28k with neuropeptides and GABA. 135 60

The dual regulation of cyclic AMP levels in rat peritoneal macrophages incubated with somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and isoproterenol was studied. Somatostatin exerted a non-competitive inhibition of the stimulatory effect of VIP and isoproterenol on cyclic AMP production. In addition, somatostatin inhibited basal cyclic AMP levels. Our results suggest that somatostatin and VIP may modulate the immune response acting, through cyclic AMP, on macrophage functions.
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PMID:Somatostatin inhibition of VIP- and isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP production in rat peritoneal macrophages. 135 81

These studies sought to determine whether the cell bodies of rat superior cervical ganglion neurons projecting to three very different target organs differ in terms of their size, number, location within the ganglion and/or neuropeptide content, and whether these features are altered in response to neonatal deafferentiation of the ganglion. A series of retrograde tracer, immunocytochemical, and double-labeling studies revealed differences in the size, number, location and neuropeptide content of superior cervical ganglion neurons that project to the submandibular salivary glands, eyes, or pineal gland. The mean areas of the cell bodies of neurons projecting to the submandibular gland are largest, those projecting to the eye are smallest, and those projecting to the pineal are intermediate in size. Submandibular gland projecting neurons are found throughout the ganglion, while the eye and pineal projecting populations are localized to the rostral quadrants. The different subpopulations of target organ specific superior cervical ganglion neurons are heterogeneous in their content of vasoactive intestinal peptide-, neuropeptide Y- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. A greater percentage of submandibular gland than of pineal projecting neurons display vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity, but there are no differences in the percentage of neurons displaying neuropeptide Y- or somatostatin-like immunoreactivity between the target organ specific groups. Neonatal deafferentiation does not result in changes in the size, number or distribution of target organ specific neurons, or in the percentage of immunoreactive neurons in these populations. In conclusion, these studies provide evidence that the size and distribution of neurons and percentage of peptide-containing neurons in the superior cervical ganglion is related to the target organ innervated, but provides no evidence of exclusive target organ-peptide relationships.
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PMID:Characterization of superior cervical ganglion neurons that project to the submandibular glands, the eyes, and the pineal gland in rats. 135 99

The granulomas of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni for 8 wk have macrophages that secrete somatostatin 1-14 (SOM). Within the granuloma, SOM has no known function. To uncover the possible significance of SOM produced within this granulomatous inflammation, we sought SOM receptors on distinct cellular components of the granuloma to identify cells targeted for SOM action. [125I]SOM 1-14 bound to dispersed granuloma inflammatory cells specifically and reversibly. Scatchard analysis suggested one receptor type (kDa 4.28 x 10(-9) M). Octreotide, a stable SOM derivative, displaced radioligand (kDa 1.01 x 10(-10) M), but SOM 1-28, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide did not. The SOM receptor localized exclusively to a subset of granuloma CD4+ T lymphocytes. Using IL-5 and IFN-gamma ELISA, it was shown that granuloma T cells can secrete appreciable IL-5 and IFN-gamma when stimulated with Ag or mitogen. Both SOM and octreotide at concentrations as low as 10(-10) M substantially decreased IFN-gamma secretion from Ag or mitogen-stimulated T cells, but at concentrations as high as 10(-6) did not affect IL-5 production. Octreotide administered to animals in vivo decreased the intensity of the granulomatous response. Thus, some granuloma T cells have SOM 1-14 receptors. SOM 1-14, a product of granuloma macrophages, may participate in regulation of the granulomatous response by modulating the secretion of some lymphokines. Octreotide, a clinically useful SOM analog, mimics the action of SOM on the immune system.
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PMID:Granuloma T lymphocytes in murine schistosomiasis mansoni have somatostatin receptors and respond to somatostatin with decreased IFN-gamma secretion. 135 73


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