Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The anlages of the medial-basal hypothalamus (MBH), septopreoptic area (POA), Rathke's pouch, and the parietal cortex (CC) of rats (at 12.5, 14.5 and 16.5 days of gestation) were transplanted singly or in combination into the third ventricle of adult female rats, and the development of neurons in the grafts was investigated immunohistochemically with the use of antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), somatostatin (SRIH), ACTH, methionine enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (Enk-8), rat corticotropin-releasing factor (rCRF), rat hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor (rhGRF), and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). TH and all the peptides examined except LHRH were detected in distinct neurons in MBH grafts and in cografts of MBH plus Rathke's pouch from 12.5-day-old embryos. SRIH, rCRF, Enk-8, and TH were found in POA grafts from embryos of the same age. Although immunoreactive LHRH was first detected in neurons in POA grafts from 16.5-day-old embryos, it appeared in cografts of POA and MBH from 12.5-day-old embryos. The immunoreactive fibers developed in the grafts expressed the same characteristic behaviors as in intact brain; the fibers containing hormonal substances formed complexes with the vasculature like in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) or in the median eminence, while the fibers containing neurotropic signals formed fiber networks surrounding other nerve cell bodies as if they synaptically associate. In CC grafts, the neurons contained TH, SRIH, rCRF, or Enk-8, and their axonal processes formed fiber networks. These findings suggest that all the hypothalamic neurons examined are committed by 12.5 days of gestation to develop maintaining transmitter phenotype and target recognition capacity.
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PMID:Development of hypothalamic neurons in intraventricular grafts: expression of specific transmitter phenotypes. 289 28

Concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SRIF-LI) were measured in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, septum-POA, median eminence, gastric antrum, fundus and pancreas in adult female hamsters to determine whether changes in somatostatin could be related to increased growth hormone (GH) secretion and somatic growth that follow bilateral transections of hippocampus (n = 18; 17 controls). In addition, choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was measured in the four brain regions in hippocampectomized (n = 10) and control hamsters (n = 10) to gain insight into the relationship between these two neurotransmitters. Hippocampal transections induced: significant acceleration of somatic growth; increased serum GH concentrations; increased concentrations of SRIF-LI in septum-POA and gastric antrum; reduced concentrations of SRIF-LI in hippocampus and pancreas; and reduced CAT activity in the hippocampus. These results suggest that somatostatinergic and cholinergic projections to hippocampus via fornix suppress GH and somatic growth in adult hamsters and that reduced release of SRIF-LI in the gastric antrum may contribute to the acceleration of somatic growth through facilitated nutrient digestion and entry.
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PMID:A role for somatostatin in the control of hamster growth. 614 Sep 95

The arcuate nucleus/ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (ARC/VMH) region is thought to relay estrogen feedback signals to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells in the sheep brain. This region sends major projections to the lateral preoptic area (lPOA), ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminals (vBnST) and the ventro-caudal division of the median preoptic nucleus (vcMePON) with little direct input to GnRH cell bodies, suggesting interneuronal relay to GnRH neurons. The brain stem also provides input to the POA. The present study aimed to identify possible relay circuits in the POA and BnST to GnRH neurons. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into lPOA (n=6), vBnST (n=2), vcMePON (n=3) and periventricular nucleus (PeriV; n=1) of ewes for anterograde tracing. GnRH immunoreactive (IR) perikarya appearing to receive input from BDA-containing varicosities were identified by fluorescence microscopy, with further analysis by confocal microscopy. When BDA was injected into rostral and caudal regions of lPOA (n=3), no tracer-filled varicose fibers were found in contact with GnRH-IR perikarya. Injections into the center of the lPOA (n=3) indicated direct projections to GnRH-IR cells. Injections into the vBnST, vcMePON and PeriV indicated that cells of these regions also provide input to GnRH cells. BDA-containing varicosities found in the MPOA were immunoreactive for NPY or were GABAergic or glutamatergic when the tracer was injected into vBnST and lPOA, but not when injections were placed in the vcMePON. With injection into the PeriV, tracer-filled varicosities in the MPOA were not immunoreactive for somatostatin or enkephalin. Injection of FluoroGold into ventral POA retrogradely labeled cells in the above mentioned areas, but few were also immunoreactive for estrogen receptor-alpha. Thus, cells of the vBnST, lPOA, vcMePON and PeriV project to GnRH neurons. These cells may provide an interneuronal route to GnRH neurons from the ARC/VMH, the brain stem and other regions of the brain.
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PMID:Evidence that projections from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and from the lateral and medial regions of the preoptic area provide input to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) neurons in the female sheep brain. 1580 94

This study analyzes daily changes in the expression of somatostatin precursors PSS-I and PSS-III (structurally related to cortistatin) in the goldfish brain. The results indicate that PSS-I expression correlates with the light cycle only in optic tectum-thalamus (OT-Tha). PSS-III expression correlates with the light cycle in telencephalon-preoptic area (Tel-POA) and OT-Tha. In Tel-POA, PSS-III reaches a minimum level at the beginning of the active phase and a maximum level late in this phase. These results suggest that PSS-I in OT-Tha and PSS-III in Tel-POA and OT-Tha could be involved in the control of the activity cycles in goldfish.
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PMID:Pre-pro-somatostatin-III may have cortistatin-like functions in fish. 1589 Oct 36

In situ hybridization detected a transient, sex-specific transcription of somatostatin gene in the central part of the rat medial preoptic nucleus, which coincides with the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA), during, but not after, the establishment of sex difference. On postnatal d 1 (day of birth), somatostatin mRNA was detected in the SDN-POA of both sexes. On d 8 through 35, the area of somatostatin mRNA-positive cells was significantly larger in males than in females. In males the area attained its maximum size on d 15 and diminished gradually thereafter. In females the area did not change in size during this period. On d 60 expression of somatostatin mRNA was low and not different between sexes. Throughout the observed period, Nissl staining and calbindin immunohistochemistry enabled visualization of the typical SDN-POA in the same region. As with Nissl staining and calbindin immunohistochemistry, somatostatin mRNA hybridization on d 15 revealed a reversal of the sexual dimorphism in the size of the SDN-POA in males that had been neonatally orchidectomized or females given estrogen as pups, showing that sex steroid milieu during the organizational period determines the area occupied by somatostatin mRNA-positive cells. Sex-specific, transient transcription of the somatostatin gene may causally relate to the estrogen-dependent organization of the SDN-POA.
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PMID:Transient transcription of the somatostatin gene at the time of estrogen-dependent organization of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the rat preoptic area. 1713 50

The birth date of neurons comprising the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the rat preoptic area (SDN-POA) was determined by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) injections at a prescribed time during the embryonic period. Calbindin immunostaining was used as a marker to identity the SDN-POA. The animals were bred from dams injected with BrdU on days 14, 16 or 18 of pregnancy (fertilization defined as day 1). On day 15 after birth (PD), all offspring were euthanized and brain sections were prepared for histology. Neurogenesis in the SDN-POA began around embryonic day (ED) 14 and culminated on ED 18, whereas the preoptic neurons surrounding the SDN-POA generated earlier than did those of the SDN-POA. Although the SDN-POA was significantly larger in males than in females at PD15, the total numbers of neurons comprising the SDN-POA were not significantly different between sexes. Similar aggregates of somatostatin mRNA-positive cells in the central portion of the SDN-POA were observed in both sexes at PD8. On PD15, the aggregates became scattered in males, whereas the aggregates in females remained congested. These data suggest that sexual dimorphism in the SDN-POA results from male-specific postnatal radial spreading of cells rather than cell proliferation during embryonic neurogenesis.
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PMID:Similar numbers of neurons are generated in the male and female rat preoptic area in utero. 2053 23