Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the brain of adult specimens of the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta (L), cells immunoreactive for several kinds of neuropeptides were localized by means of the PAP procedure, by use of antisera raised against mammalian hormones or hormonal peptides. In contrast, no such neurosecretory cells were found in the corpora cardiaca and corpora allata (CC/CA); in the CC/CA, however, immunoreactive nerve fibres were observed, reaching these organs from the brain. The neurosecretory cells found in the brain were immunoreactive with at least one of the following mammalian antisera, namely those raised against the insulin B-chain, somatostatin, glucagon C-terminal, glucagon N-terminal, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), secretin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), gastrin C-terminus, enkephalin, alpha- and beta-endorphin, Substance P, and calcitonin. No cells were immunoreactive with antisera specific for detecting neurons containing the insulin A-chain, nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin connecting peptide (C-peptide), polypeptide YY (PYY), gastrin mid-portion (sequence 6-13), cholecystokinin (CCK) mid-portion (sequences 9-20 and 9-25), neurotensin C-terminus, bombesin, motilin, ACTH, or serotonin. All the neuropeptide-immunoreactive cells observed emitted nerve fibers passing through the brain to the CC and in some cases also to the CA. In CC these immunoreactive nerve fibers tended to accumulate near the aorta. It was speculated that neuropeptides are released into the circulating haemolymph and act as neurohormones.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical investigations of neuropeptides in the brain, corpora cardiaca, and corpora allata of an adult lepidopteran insect, Manduca sexta (L). 613 31

The development of immunoreactive (ir) somatostatin-containing nerve terminals in the rat median eminence (ME) has been examined electron-microscopically. Nerve fibers containing ir particles scattered throughout the axoplasm are first seen in the external layer of the ME on day 18.5 of gestation, and, on day 21.5 appear to terminate on the basement membrane of the perivascular space of the portal vessels. After birth, the fiber terminals contain several membrane-limited granules, which are labeled with ir PAP particles. Ultrathin, Epon-embedded sections of ME, treated by the protein A gold-labeling method for somatostatin, demonstrate positively labeled granules in the nerve fibers in the postnatal ME, but in the prenatal tissue, no specific gold-labeling is found. These findings show that, in the external layer of the ME, somatostatin storing occurs in the granules in the axonal terminals after birth.
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PMID:Ontogenetic appearance of somatostatin-containing nerve terminals in the median eminence of rats. 614 19

The immunoperoxidase-antiperoxidase method (PAP) was combined with immunofluorescence for simultaneous localization of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in rat hippocampal neurons growing in dissociated cell culture. A subpopulation of GAD-immunoreactive neurons additionally exhibited somatostatin-like immunostaining. GAD-negative somatostatin-positive cells could not be observed. It is discussed whether the cultured somatostatin-containing GAD neurons correspond to a certain subclass of basket cells as they occur in situ.
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PMID:Coexistence of glutamate decarboxylase and somatostatin immunoreactivity in cultured hippocampal neurons of the rat. 614 31

Three hormones were demonstrated in ultrathin sections of the rat thyroid using immunocytochemical methods with either a PAP complex or a protein A-gold complex as the label. In control rats, calcitonin was found to be present in all parafollicular cells and somatostatin in occasional cells. In rats pretreated with 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin was detected in all parafollicular cells as well. In serial ultrathin sections, the three hormones were seen to be localized in the same secretory granules.
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PMID:Ultrastructural localization of calcitonin, somatostatin and serotonin in parafollicular cells of rat thyroid. 615 64

In the central nervous system of the male domestic flow, metenkephalin (ENK) immunoreactive perikarya and fiber tracts as well as extensive but sharply delimited fiber networks were visualized by means of the PAP technique. The most striking results were: (1) The demonstration of an association of ENK-containing structures with branchial nerves; (2) the spatial relationship of ENK-containing perikarya and fibers to somatostatin (SOM) and arginine-vasotocin (AVT)-immunoreactive systems; (3) the presence of dense and extensive ENK fiber networks within (a) the caudo-basal wall of the third ventricle and (b) the septal-preoptic area; in both regions mainly ENK fibers, but also SOM and AVT fibers, may cross to the contralateral side.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical demonstration of met-enkephalin in the central nervous system of the domestic fowl. 700 30

When viewed under dark-field illumination, peptidergic terminals in sections stained by the Sternberger PAP immunocytochemical method are seen as individual points of light. Under high magnification, the degree of brightness of various areas of immunoreactive terminals is seen to be a function of the density of terminals in these areas. By analyzying the relative brightness of the immunostained central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) with an EyeCom II PDP-11/34 image analysis system, we have obtained a relative evaluation of the density distribution of neurotensin (NT)-, substance P (SP), VIP-, angiotensin II (AII), m-enkephalin (m-ENK) and somatostatin (SS)-immunoreactive terminals in terms of normal morphology and following a brain lesion. The EyeCom II system divides the presented image into 307200 picture elements (pixels) and assigns one of 256 grey values to the average brightness with each pixel. We have aggregated the grey level frequencies into 5 levels where level 1 corresponds to the highest terminal density and level 5 to the lowest density. At level 1, only NT- and VIP-immunoreactive terminals occupy a significant percentage of the cross-sectional area of the CNA (20%). About 15% of the area of the CNA has VIP terminals with level 5 density. The distributions of the top 20% of the terminal density range of NT, SP, AII and VIP support a classical medial/lateral division of the nucleus. The distribution of the same range of SS- and ENK terminals suggests a dorsoventral division of the CNA. A preliminary study indicates that comparison of grey level frequency histograms generated by image analysis from homologous lesioned and unlesioned sections of the CNA can yield useful information regarding post-lesion changes in the distribution of immunoreactive terminals.
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PMID:Computer-assisted image analysis of the distributions of peptidergic terminals in the central nucleus of the amygdala: a preliminary study. 712 69

The endocrine pancreas of the Australian wedge-tailed eagle, Aquila audax, was investigated by means of immunocytochemistry using the PAP method at the light microscopic level. Serial paraffin sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, aldehyde fuchsin, and Grimelius' silver impregnation method in each of the lobes-dorsal, ventral, third and splenic lobes to show the morphology of the islet, B cells, and A cells respectively. The islets were of the 'mixed type' with no segregation into 'light' and 'dark' islets as in other birds studies (Falkmer and Ostberg, 1977). Semithin serial plastic sections were stained individually with primary antibodies for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in each of the four lobes. Positive regional differences noted were an increased concentration of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide cells in the splenic lobe. Pancreatic polypeptide cells were present in all the lobes. There was no reciprocal relationship between PP cells and glucagon cells in the splenic lobe. These results in the feral bird (Aquila audax) differed from those of previous studies in domestic fowl pancreas (Phasianidae) (Tomita et al., 1985; Falkmer, 1985).
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PMID:The endocrine pancreas in the Australian wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax)--an immunocytochemical study. 769 59

Antral biopsies of 33 duodenal ulcer patients (15 with hypergastrinemia, group 1 and 18 with normal fasting serum gastrin, group 2) and also 13 healthy volunteers were studied for D- and G-cell density and HP-status. Basal acid output (BAO), maximal acid output (MAO) and serum somatostatin were also evaluated. G- and D-cell density was measured by PAP-immunostaining technique. Serum gastrin and somatostatin levels were studied by radioimmunoassay. HP-status was evaluated histologically with the use of semiquantitative enhanced method. Both groups of patients had decreased D-cell density compared with control (p < 0.05). Patients from group 1 had significantly increased BAO, MAO, G-cell density, index of infective load of HP, index of adherence of HP, comparing with group 2 (p < 0.05), and decreased serum somatostatin level and D-cell density compared with group 2. There were no significant differences found in serum somatostatin level, BAO, G-cell density, serum gastrin level between group 2 and control (p > 0.05). Hyperfunction of G-cells arose from impaired paracrine secretion of somatostatin, that strongly associated with increased index of infective load and increased index of adherence of HP to epitheliocytes of gastric antrum.
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PMID:[Helicobacter pylori, endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa, and their function in duodenal ulcer]. 892 36

The aim of the present study was to distinguish and describe the patterns of distribution of pancreatic islets within the pancreas of four species of laboratory animals, including rats, dogs, minipigs and monkeys, and furthermore, to identify immunohistochemically various islet cell types and characterize their content. Histopathological examinations were performed on sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunostained using rabbit polyclonal antibodies (pAb) against insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), somatostatin, chromogranin A, keratin, bombesin and gastrin, or mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against synaptophysin, Leu-7 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in three-step rabbit immunoperoxidase (PAP) and streptavidin/peroxidase (StreptABC/HRP) reactions. Positive immunohistochemical reactions were observed in the pancreatic islets of all animal species with all antibodies, except with anti-bombesin and anti-gastrin antibodies. Our results revealed that: 1) there is species specific regional arrangement of islets in the pancreas, 2) each species presents a characteristic distribution of cells producing different hormones. 3) immunoreactivity with immunohistochemical markers varies between species and/or age. The present comparative immunohistochemical study could be helpful for answering questions which are important for understanding some of the intricate mechanisms that govern the integrated function of the endocrine pancreas.
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PMID:A comparative immunohistochemical study of pancreatic islets in laboratory animals (rats, dogs, minipigs, nonhuman primates). 968 46

The endocrine pancreatic cells of Pseudemys scripta elegans were investigated immunocytochemically by light and electron microscopy. Insulin-, somatostatin (SST)-1, SST-28 (1-12)-, salmon (s)SST-25-, glucagon-, pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY)-, and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)-like immunoreactivities were observed. Insulin cells were immunogold labeled with bonito insulin antiserum and secretory granules were characterized by a wide halo and a dense core of varying shape. Consecutive PAP-immunostained sections showed that SST-28 (1-12), SST-14, and sSST-25 immunoreactivities occurred in the same cells. However, preabsorption tests demonstrated that anti-sSST-25 serum detected the invariant SST-14 molecule. The SST-28 (1-12)/SST-14-immunogold-labeled cells mainly had round or ovoid medium electron-dense granules. Glucagon-IR cells were characterized by round secretory granules with an electron-dense core, with or without a narrow clear halo. There were PP, PYY, and NPY (NPY-like) immunoreactivities in a population of glucagon-IR cells in the pancreatic duodenal region (glucagon/NPY cells). Most of the secretory granules of these glucagon/NPY-like cells had an electron-dense content and were round, although there were also pyriform or ovoid secretory granules which were smaller than those of glucagon-IR cells. Preabsorption tests proved that the NPY-like peptides detected in the endocrine pancreas of P. scripta elegans were more similar to NPY or PYY than to PP.
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PMID:Identification of the pancreatic endocrine cells of Pseudemys scripta elegans by immunogold labeling. 1064 38


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