Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We evaluated the effect of a somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on diabetic nephropathy using urinary albumin excretion as a marker in a streptozocin-induced diabetic unilateral nephrectomized rat model. Nondiabetic rats were injected with either 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) (n = 10) or SMS (n = 10). Diabetic rats were also injected with either 0.9% NaCl (n = 10) or SMS (n = 10). The control saline and SMS groups showed significant increases in urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and albumin clearance. The diabetic saline-treated rats showed no significant changes in UAE or albumin clearance. The diabetic SMS-treated rats showed significant decreases in UAE (151 +/- 76 mg/day/kg to 98 +/- 46, P less than .005) and albumin clearance (5.85 +/- 3.34 mL/day/kg to 3.63 +/- 1.73, P less than .01). There was no significant difference in kidney weight between the two control groups, but a significant difference was found between the two diabetic groups (3.35 +/- 0.39 g vs. 2.68 +/- 0.26 g, P less than .001). The results suggest that in early diabetes with renal hyperfiltration and hypertrophy, the administration of SMS may prevent progression to late diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:Effect of a somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on renal function and urinary protein excretion in diabetic rats. 177 39

The effect of cyclic somatostatin on early and late dumping syndrome was studied in 12 patients with gastric resection. Each patient underwent two glucose challenges with 75 grams of glucose administered orally. In the control study isotonic sodium chloride was given, while in the other study cyclic somatostatin in a dose of 250 micrograms bolus injection followed by infusion of 80 ng/kg/min for a period of 270 minutes. In the control study all patients showed subjective symptoms of the early dumping syndrome with significant increases in pulse rate, hematocrit, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Ten patients showed asymptomatic hypoglycemia, as a sign of the late dumping syndrome associated with a significant increases of insulin, gastric inhibitory peptide and glucagon levels. During the administration of somatostatin these changes failed to develop. These results indicate that somatostatin alleviates the symptoms of early and late postprandial dumping syndrome.
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PMID:[The effect of somatostatin in dumping syndrome]. 197 48

Terbutaline, a beta 2-adrenergic agonist, has been shown to cause hypokalemia and an increase of plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations. We considered that terbutaline-induced hypokalemia may be due to the insulin-induced shift of potassium (K+) from the extracellular to the intracellular space. If so, then inhibition of insulin secretion by somatostatin would prevent terbutaline-induced hypokalemia. Further, we wondered whether oral potassium pretreatment could prevent terbutaline-induced hypokalemia. Therefore, 10 healthy volunteers (5 men, 5 women; mean age, 23 yr +/- 3 SD) received either sodium chloride (NaCl) or somatostatin intravenously together with 0.25 mg terbutaline subcutaneously in a double-blind crossover design. On a third test day, they received 39 mval of K+ powder orally before terbutaline injection in an open trial. Terbutaline caused a significant decrease of K+ (from 3.96 +/- 0.08 to 3.3 +/- 0.13 mmol/L +/- SEM; p less than 0.0005), accompanied by a significant increase in plasma glucose (from 83 +/- 3.6 to 101 +/- 4.4 mg/dl +/- SEM; p less than 0.01) and serum insulin concentrations (from 11.7 +/- 0.9 to 19.9 +/- 1.1 microU/ml +/- SEM; p less than 0.001), confirming earlier data. Somatostatin pretreatment inhibited the terbutaline-induced hypokalemia; the small fall of K+ (from 3.7 +/- 0.08 to 3.5 +/- 0.2 mmol/L) was no longer significant. Insulin secretion was completely blocked by somatostatin, leading to an even more pronounced increase of blood glucose. Hypokalemia after terbutaline injection was not prevented by oral potassium pretreatment. In summary, the present findings confirm that terbutaline-induced hypokalemia is associated with increased plasma glucose and insulin levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of somatostatin and oral potassium administration on terbutaline-induced hypokalemia. 256 17

1. Studies of gastric function were made in preruminant calves fitted with a single abomasal cannula, re-entrant cannulas in the duodenum close to the pylorus and recording electrodes on the pyloric antrum and proximal duodenum. 2. Simultaneous measurements were made of gastric emptying of a saline (9 g sodium chloride/l) meal, myoelectric activity of antral muscle and plasma concentration of somatostatin in jugular blood whilst infusing the duodenum with different solutions. The duodenal infusates were isotonic sodium bicarbonate (300 mosmol/kg), hyperosmolar solutions of NaCl (1000 mosmol/kg), sodium carbonate (500 mosmol/kg), sucrose (1000 mosmol/kg), 41 g emulsified butterfat/kg or 60 mM-hydrochloric acid. 3. Infusing the duodenum with isotonic NaHCO3 stimulated intense myoelectric activity of the antral smooth muscle and rapid emptying of the test meal. In contrast, infusions of 60 mM-HCl reduced antral motility and inhibited gastric emptying of digesta. This inhibitory response to HCl infusion was related to a significant (P less than 0.05) increase of somatostatin in peripheral venous blood. 4. The Na2CO3 infusate, like HCl, inhibited gastric motor activity and digesta emptying, but the concentration of circulating somatostatin was only slightly elevated above pre-infusion levels. 5. Compared with the effects of infusing HCl, infusions of emulsified butterfat or hyperosmolar NaCl and sucrose induced a greater intensity of antral motor activity and faster outflow of gastric effluent, although not to the same extent as with isotonic NaHCO3. However, as with isotonic NaHCO3, these infusates did not evoke the release of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Nutrient sensitivity of gastric emptying of digesta in the preruminant calf. 289 16

Recent advances in understanding of intestinal fluid and electrolyte absorption have paved the way for the development of antidiarrheal agents specific for various points in the secretory and absorptive process. Examples of potential antidiarrheal agents include clonidine and lidamidine in diabetic diarrhea, somatostatin in hormonally mediated diarrhea, and prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors in inflammatory diarrhea. Physiological principles of electrolyte transport that underlie these new developments include the capability in both the small and large intestine of the epithelium in absorbing and secreting water and electrolytes; the responsibility of the villus epithelium for sodium chloride/water absorption and of the crypt epithelium for chloride/water secretion; the existence of a continuum between absorption and secretion determined by the sum of the absorptive and secretory drives on the enterocyte; the role of neuroendocrine transmitters, hormones, and inflammatory elements released systemically or locally as stimuli regulating these processes; the fact that most of these stimuli activate specific receptors on enterocytes; and the altering effect of these stimulus-receptor interactions on intercellular levels of cyclic nucleotides or calcium, in turn producing net secretion by diminishing absorption and/or stimulating secretion. Also under investigation as antidiarrheal agents are calcium and calmodulin antagonists, enkephalins, lithium, berberine, oral organic acids, and chloride channel blockers.
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PMID:Antidiarrheal therapy. Prospects for new agents. 354 47

The effects of somatostatin on plasma renin activity (PRA) and blood pressure were evaluated in patients with essential hypertension (EH) and in normotensive subjects. All subjects examined were hospitalized and placed on a diet containing 7-8 g/day sodium chloride and received an intravenous infusion of somatostatin (500 microgram/20 ml of saline, for 60 min) in the basal condition. During somatostatin infusion, the mean blood pressure (MBP) remained unaffected in all patients with EH and the normotensive subjects, while the PRA decreased slightly in the EH group. When the patients with EH were classified according to their renin levels (low, normal and high), parallel significant decreases in MBP and PRA were found only in the high renin group during the somatostatin infusion. No significant change in MBP and PRA was observed in the other groups including the normotensive subjects. To assess the activity of synthetic somatostatin, the plasma levels of growth hormone (GH) and cyclic AMP were measured. These levels were lowered significantly during the infusion and the GH levels showed a rebound 15 min after cessation of the infusion. The cyclic AMP returned to the basal levels, but no rebound was observed. The above data indicate that the fall in blood pressure in the high renin group in the basal condition was probably due in part to reduced renin release by somatostatin, and the maintenance of high blood pressure especially in high renin EH.
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PMID:Effect of somatostatin on plasma renin activity and blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. 610 26

The spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias responds to volume expansion by increasing the rate of chloride secretion by its rectal gland. The response is elicited by intravascular infusion of either isotonic shark Ringer solution, a 1 M hypertonic sodium chloride solution, or an isotonic hyponatremic solution containing equal volumes of shark Ringer solution and 10% mannitol. The effect of volume expansion was evoked in explanted glands connected to a host fish only by the arterial supply, indicating that the response is mediated by a humoral factor. The explanted gland responded to theophylline (2.5 X 10(-3) M) and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (5 X 10(-4) M) by increasing the rate of secretion of chloride by an amount similar to that induced by volume expansion of the perfusing fish. Theophylline at concentrations (10(-6) to 5 X 10(-5) M) that are known to inhibit the effect of adenosine in isolated perfused glands failed to inhibit the effect of volume expansion on explanted glands. Somatostatin (4.5 X 10(-6) M), which inhibits the effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the isolated perfused gland, completely prevented the secretory response to volume expansion in explanted glands. Volume expansion is a major stimulus for chloride secretion by the rectal gland. The effect is mediated by a humoral factor that appears to be VIP.
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PMID:In vivo effect of volume expansion on rectal gland function. I. Humoral factors. 614 36

To investigate possible influences of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SRIF) on auditory perceptional processes, 12 subjects received either placebo (sodium chloride 0.9%), GHRH (50 micrograms), or SRIF (100 micrograms) on different days. Late auditory evoked potentials (AEP) were computed and further analyzed by using the brain electric source analysis (BESA) method. Reduced late AEP latencies were observed following GHRH administration. In contrast, SRIF had no significant effects on the AEP. The changes in late auditory processing seen after administration of GHRH were most likely induced by a direct central nervous action.
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PMID:Changes in late auditory evoked potentials induced by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) but not somatostatin (SRIF) after peripheral administration in male controls. 747

We have studied the analgesic effects of somatostatin during surgery and its influence on the plasma glucose levels and the liver enzyme profile in 40 ASA 1 or 2 patients undergoing surgery for carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Each patient received either somatostatin bolus 3.5 micrograms.kg-1 intravenously plus an infusion of somatostatin 3.5 micrograms.kg-1.h-1, or sodium chloride 0.9% as a placebo in a double-blind manner. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 1 mg.kg-1 followed by a continuous infusion of propofol in a stepwise declining regimen. Vecuronium was used for muscular relaxation. Fentanyl 100 micrograms was administered intravenously in bolus doses for analgesia during surgery as required. Blood samples were taken at 10 min pre-induction, 5 min postintubation, 5, 30, 60, 120 min postincision and 30 min post-recovery for plasma glucose levels. Blood samples were also taken at 10 min pre-induction, 120 min postincision and 24 h postoperatively for liver enzymes. The total requirement for fentanyl in the control group was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in the group that received somatostatin. Eight out of 20 patients in the study group required no additional analgesia intra-operatively. The changes in blood glucose values followed the same pattern in both groups. There was a tendency for liver enzymes to increase in both groups. Although this increase was less in the study group, this change was not statistically significant.
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PMID:Somatostatin and total intravenous anaesthesia. Assessment of analgesic requirements during surgery and the effects on liver enzymes. 765 56

It has earlier been claimed that clinical improvement of patients with Parkinson's disease is obtained by treatment with NADH. This has to be verified by double-blind, clinical studies and measurement of biochemical effects of the treatment. In a double blind study five patients with clinically moderate Parkinson's disease were treated with NADH, 25 mg, given intravenously once a day for four days. Then they were given 25 mg NADH intramuscularly after 2 and 4 weeks. Disability scores were determined before each treatment and two weeks after the final injection. A control group (n = 4) with the same degree of Parkinson's disease obtained sodium chloride with the same schedule. According to the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale a tendency to clinical improvement was seen after the iv infusions in both treatment and placebo groups. However, the changes were not statistically significant, and no changes occurred during the following weeks. No changes were found neither in the study nor the control group regarding cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of dynorfin, metenkefalin, somatostatin, hydroxy-methoxy-phenylglycol, homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. The results indicate that no great changes are obtained after short-term treatment of parkinsonian patients with NADH, neither clinically nor biochemically.
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PMID:Treatment of Parkinson's disease with NADH. 788 34


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