Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A comparative map of human chromosome 3 (HSA 3) and pig chromosome 13 (SSC 13) was constructed using physically assigned pig sequence-tagged sites (STSs). Pig STSs representing 11 HSA 3 genes, including v-Raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (RAF1), retinoic acid beta receptor (RARB), cholecystokinin (CCK), pituitary transcription factor 1 (POU1F1), ceruloplasmin (CP), guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha-inhibiting polypeptide 2 (GNAI2), sucrase-isomaltase (SI), rhodopsin (RHO), dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), and somatostatin (SST), were developed. Ten pig STSs were regionally mapped using a somatic cell hybrid panel (SCHP) to SSC 13 with 80-100% concordance. Large-insert probes were obtained by screening a pig yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) library with primers for each STS. Several YACs were identified for DRD3, GAP43, POU1F1, RHO, SI, and SST for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping. Single gene and bi-color FISH with each pairwise combination were used to further define the gene order on SSC 13. While these data confirm chromosome painting results showing that HSA 3 probes hybridize to a major portion of SSC 13, they also demonstrate extensive gene-order differences between man and pig within this large conserved synteny group. Interestingly, several conserved chromosomal regions have been detected between pig and mouse that are not conserved between man and mouse, suggesting that the SSC 13 gene arrangement may be the closest to that of the ancestral eutherian chromosome.
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PMID:Human chromosome 3 and pig chromosome 13 show complete synteny conservation but extensive gene-order differences. 1044 17

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by neuroendocrine cells comprising 0.1%-0.5% of the mucosal cells in the upper small intestine. Using CCK promoter-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in transgenic mice, we have applied immunofluorescence techniques to analyze the morphology of CCK cells. GFP and CCK colocalize in neuroendocrine cells with little aberrant GFP expression. CCK-containing cells are either flask- or spindle-shaped, and in some cells, we have found dendritic processes similar to pseudopods demonstrated for gut somatostatin-containing D cells. Most pseudopods are short, the longest process visualized extending across three cells. Pseudopods usually extend to adjacent cells but some weave between neighboring cells. Dual processes have also been observed. Three-dimensional reconstructions suggest that processes are not unidirectional and thus are unlikely to be involved in migration of CCK cells from the crypt up the villus. Abundant CCK immunostaining is present in the pseudopods, suggesting that they release CCK onto the target cell. In order to identify the type of cells being targeted, we have co-stained sections with antibodies to chromogranin A, trefoil factor-3, and sucrase-isomaltase. CCK cell processes almost exclusively extend to sucrase-isomaltase-positive enterocytes. Thus, CCK cells have cellular processes possibly involved in paracrine secretion.
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PMID:Pseudopod-like basal cell processes in intestinal cholecystokinin cells. 2058 53

Significant advances in intestinal stem cell biology have been made in murine models; however, anatomical and physiological differences between mice and humans limit mice as a translational model for stem cell based research. The pig has been an effective translational model, and represents a candidate species to study intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) driven regeneration. The lack of validated reagents and epithelial culture methods is an obstacle to investigating IESC driven regeneration in a pig model. In this study, antibodies against Epithelial Adhesion Molecule 1 (EpCAM) and Villin marked cells of epithelial origin. Antibodies against Proliferative Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), Minichromosome Maintenance Complex 2 (MCM2), Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and phosphorylated Histone H3 (pH3) distinguished proliferating cells at various stages of the cell cycle. SOX9, localized to the stem/progenitor cells zone, while HOPX was restricted to the +4/'reserve' stem cell zone. Immunostaining also identified major differentiated lineages. Goblet cells were identified by Mucin 2 (MUC2); enteroendocrine cells by Chromogranin A (CGA), Gastrin and Somatostatin; and absorptive enterocytes by carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) and sucrase isomaltase (SIM). Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated morphologic and sub-cellular characteristics of stem cell and differentiated intestinal epithelial cell types. Quantitative PCR gene expression analysis enabled identification of stem/progenitor cells, post mitotic cell lineages, and important growth and differentiation pathways. Additionally, a method for long-term culture of porcine crypts was developed. Biomarker characterization and development of IESC culture in the porcine model represents a foundation for translational studies of IESC-driven regeneration of the intestinal epithelium in physiology and disease.
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PMID:Cell lineage identification and stem cell culture in a porcine model for the study of intestinal epithelial regeneration. 2384 Apr 80